From The Abstract Universality To The Concrete Universality

The main contents this article discussed are that the whole course of"from the abstract universality to the concrete universality"which reflected in "Phenomenology of Spirit "as well as Hegelian dialectics reflected in this course. At the same time, it has studied Marx's critical reflection to Hegelian dialectics.Abstract universality is the object which Hegel's philosophy critic to. Hegel thought that traditional metaphysics'fundamental error is that they persisted on the abstract universality and direct certainties, which deny the contradiction and the opposition. It believed contradictions and opposition are the greatest obstacles to achieve the certainty of knowledge and the root of skepticism and the object which must be denied. Distinguished with traditional metaphysics, Hegel thought that the contradictory nature of ration which was found by Kant was existed universally and things were not static, even if the idea also realized its implementation in the course. Contradictions are the driving force under things.Even in the beginning, universality is not an abstract and stationary one. But it contained contradictions and oppositions and there was the "Desire" to move. It is the human consciousness which is direct, universal, but not abstract which were formed by initial sense-certainty and the understanding that were embodied in "Phenomenology of Spirit". In this way, Hegel transformed the traditional metaphysics'abstract universality to the directly universality through the contradictory so as to incorporate it into his own system of philosophy.The reality from direct universality to the concrete universality is a process of dialectical development. This course is achieved through the individual's activity of the awareness. Consciousness in-itself aware of the existence of contradictions and it makes consciousness come in to the status that negative self-consciousness which has become its own consciousness for-itself. Because of its own negation and contradictions it will lead self-consciousness loss its uncertainty inevitably and come into the skepticism. Self-consciousness aware of this lack of certainty, and lose into the unhappy consciousness. In order to obtain certainty again, abandoning their own self-consciousness sublet itself and the simple "yes" or "no" behaves and enter into the activities of individual. This is an in-and-for-itself activity that both as the entity and at the same time as the subject, and that not only self-preservation but also incorporate the nature of "the other" into its activity. At last it achieves the unity of self-consciousness in-itself and for-itself in ration and reaches certainty after experience a series of negation. This development does not create new things to replace the old things, but is its own process of sublation, its own process of innovation, its own process of improving, its own process that the nature of things from latency to realization. Hegel ascribed the individual action and the process of the world as a dialectical motion and the process to move forward which is also a positively active course for life.The implementation from direct universality to the concrete universality through the individual which has not separation between the individual and universality is always in a mutual penetration and unity. The true unity of this mutual penetration and universality unity is that the individual achieve a life through its own course of action. The presupposition and the potential power that individual can be able to finish the process lies in the direct universality, and the process itself that individual has completed is the universality of their own. In addition, the process itself means that the subject must have relationships with "the other", and achieve the implementation in relationships. In the issue of dealing with the "relationship" to "the other ", Hegel did not loss the subject and change into a pure entity or object like many of his subsequent analysis philosophers, but he insisted on the subject and certainty. To some extent it is similar to those of modern rationalism and different to Kant's empiricism tendency.Like traditional metaphysics, Hegel's philosophy also has its own logic——dialectical logic, which is quite different with formal logic. Formal logic is bound up with mechanism in its essence, and the dialectical logic emphasis on contradictions, confrontation, and the development of the motion on this basis. The dialectical logic is implemented in the process of the lives of organisms. We emphasize that this dialectical logic is widespread and the certain law that things develop. The law belongs to human beings, and then the dialectical logic which is one of principles to interpret the world belongs to human beings too. We recognize the objectivity of dialectic and the important of our activities in understanding, the role of the action. It can be able to indicate the trend of the future world. But the dialectic is not a panacea. It is not mechanism, and it can not be the fulcrum to "lever the Earth". We can not predict the future accurately through the mechanical relationship of the dialectics. Dialectics has provided us an active principle, when we aware it we will be able to exert the role of the subject more fully and positively. It is a positive dialectic and the "signs" of a great route.The impaction of Hegel's Dialectic was profound even though the later philosophers criticized Hegel's all kinds of coat that his dialectic has. Hegel's spiritual philosophy, legal philosophy and natural philosophy have their own shortcomings, but Hegel's dialectic was preserved down by later philosophers through various forms. Marx's philosophy was on the basis of the critic of Hegel's philosophy also. Marx's dialectics was inherited the rational forms of Hegelian dialectics. It is critical dialectics, the dialectics of for-itself and the dialectics in the process. At the same time, Marx's dialectics is the dialectics that insist on materialism which is different with the idealist dialectics of Hegel's fundamentally. Marx insisted on materialism, the open history, and criticized the unreasonable of the real world with the ultimate aim to achieve the transformation of the real world critically and revolutionarily.Hegel, of course, is great. But the history would not be possible to stay for him."The concrete"he finally achieved in the thought will be abandoned by the later philosophy eventually, and preserved in the history of human knowledge which will implant the dialectical thinking in people thought.