Several Types Of Studies Of Country Social Powers In Tang And Song Dynasty

The four types of country social powers in the Tang and Song Dynasty were respectively retired officials, officials working at other places and officials having left their post, examinees, families and powerful persons and chivalrous characters. They almost came out with the status of middle powers expect retired officials and officials in office working at other places. The retired officials were more particular than others, who had both semi- official and semi-civilian characters. On the one hand, it reflected that governments gave favoured treatment to those old officials, which can make then play active roles in educating common people. On the other hand, the retired were different from officials in office, because they had lost their original powers of office.Officials in office working at other places and officials having left their posts came out with the status of social powers in the country society, which connected with governments closely. Examinees were rising country social power which were typical. The status of rich persons and powerful persons was changed frequently and raised obviously. Families emphasized the family of ChenZiAng which played an active role in relieving common people. The emergence of chivalrous characters reflected the disturbed backgrounds of the times.Country social powers played active roles in sperading Confucianism in countries and changing popular customs. They were indentified as examples who promoted the country societies to think highly of cultures and gibing presents to their elders and to change corrupt customs, which made people acted spontaneously under the leading of Confucian thoughts and turned to shape good social customs spontaneously.In general, country social powers had new, rich, and changeable characters. As the powers in the middle of governments and countries, they reflected that their goals were to promote themselves to develop better and reflected rising needs strongly, which affected their actions and also affected governments and country societies negatively.