The Analysis Of Copper Policy In The Period Of Dao And Xian Emperor Of Qing Dynasty

In Qing Dynasty, the cooper policy is the systematic economic government behavior of copper exploration, purchase, transportation and coinage. The copper policy started from the period of Kang Xi and Yong Zheng emperor, thrived in Qian Long emperor, declined gradually in Dao Guang and Xian Feng emperor, and after a short revival then dropped into a situation of never recovering in Tong Zhi and Guang Xu emperor.The reign of Dao and Xian is the declining period of copper policy, when Qing government was in turbulence---- the foreign empires invaded in a large scale; domestic peasants uprising was prevailing. The government finance was in deficit, and there was an urgent and great need in social economy. But the output of copper recourse reduced in a great deal because of the technology, nature and society, etc. So the copper policy became an instant problem in the reign of Dao and Xian. Faced with"the shortage of copper", Dao Guang emperor started with the engagement of arrearage of copper factories in Yunnan province and issued a series policies, such as Prohibition of Private Copper, and Loose Copper Prohibition, expecting to increase copper production. The copper policy still centered on"copper transportation from Yunnan to Beijing". When Tai Ping rebellion broke out in Xian Feng government, Tai Ping army took up the important hinge of"copper transportation from Yunnan to Beijing"----drainage area of Changjiang River. As a result, Qing government had to change the transportation route to land-carriage from Henan to Beijing. After changing the route, the copper amount arrived in Beijing government became less and less because of the government turbulence and reduction of copper output in Yunnan province. Moreover, the government needed large military expenditure urgently to suppress the peasants uprising. Xian Feng government adopted the policy of"taking the wide exploration of copper recourse as an ultimate purpose, encouraging the whole country to buy or donate copper to release government's pressure of copper shortage"----ordered the provinces to establish money bureaus and explore copper recourse widely, and at the same time, tightened the Prohibition of Private Copper and recollected copper nationwidely. Because there was little effect on exploration, prohibition and recollection of copper became the emphasis of copper policy.The thesis analyses the copper policy in two governments centering on copper resource and copper transportation. It is separated into two parts:The first part: begins with the engagement of copper affairs in Guang government for the shortage of copper, introduces the emphasis of Guang government's copper policy----the copper transportation route and mileage deadline of"copper transportation from Yunnan to Beijing"; the officers who guards the copper transportation and the management of the employee staff; and the fees of copper transportation and the loan and expenditure during the transportation.The second part: first introduces the changes in the concrete route, loan and expenditure of transportation fees and the safety guard of the transportation ships in the early Guang government; then expatiates the emphasis of Xian government's copper policy----the details of the policy of copper prohibition and recollection.By the analysis of the contents of copper policy in the two governments, making out the conclusion as copper policy declined gradually in Dao and Xian government.