| It is always a focal point that the quantity of government official and the influence it has. A lot of troubles will be brought if there are too many officials, for example, the finance will deteriorate gradually, administration of civil officials will ruin gradually, people's burden will aggravate day by day. Then whether the Western Han Dynasty has such problem or not , which is what this paper want to answer.Researches on the Western Han Dynasty's government system have been written a lot by the predecessor. But most of them are on organic or on the government position evolution. Because of limited materials, very few people have been involve in researches on the quantity of government official. From this new angle,this article devotes to solve the following three problems: First, estimate the quantity of Western Han Dynasty government official; Second, analyse the reason for the changes of Western Han Dynasty government official quantity; Third, the influences on the society by the quantity of Western Han Dynasty government official.It can be estimated from four aspects, namely government official's establishment quantity and actual quantity, regional government official quantity and central government official quantity . Bamboo Slips of the Han Dynasty has provided the detailed situation which Donghai county government official established.It includes the establishment of government official and information of the "unnecessary" . With the Yinwan Bamboo Slips of the Han Dynasty, according to the population, the quantity of regional government official during Western Han Dynasty can be obtained. For the lack of historical materials, the extrapolation of central government official refers to the change rules of regional government official quantity.(Refer to the first chapter)According to government official quantity above estimated, we may obtain its change curve.There are very few officials in the earlier period of Western Han Dynasty. During Wen and Jing emperor period, quantity continues to grow. In Wu emperor time, quantity increases sharply.After Emperor Zhao and Xuan, quantity grows with steady steps. We can say that different time and condition leads to different results. The concrete reason may be concluded to the following points: 1, the various kingdoms, the the country of the Han Dynasty's massive fluctuations( which happened before Wu emperor)2, territory expansion (which happende during Wu emperor) 3, other factors, like government official system itself unceasingly inflated.Does the quantity counted adapt to the socity? Does the quantity maintain in a reasonable scope? The third chapter tries to calculate the ratio of government official quantity to people. Does the ratio have a sharp change? Does the burden of people have aggravation. According to the analysis on a series of values, we can say that the ratio is reasonable . Even in Emperor Wu time(which has the highest ratio), 210 people support a government official.The fourth chapter narrates the influence the quantity has on the finance.This chapter caculates financial revenge in different period according to some basic tax. From Emperor Wu time, the official's salary occupies half of the financial revenue. The financial revenue above is only based on several kinds of most common tax income, other forms income might not be inspected, particularly in Emperor Wu time. Huan Tan "Newly Discusses" demonstrates that since Emperor Xuan, the official's salary occupies half of the financial revenue. It may be too large, but form the later Dynasties , Western Han Dynasty has a different way in assigning tax revenue. The nation financial revenue divides into the Imperial family finance and the national finance, the two part are very close. The national finance divides into the central finance and the local finance. The actual payment of official's salary does not occupy the nation financial revenue 1/3. Therefore, Western Han Dynasty has financial problem is unavoidable. But this certainly can't explain that the quantity is too large .Government official quantity has a limited influence on the administration of civil officials , only when the quantity is quite huge, like Northern Song Dynasty. The real reasons cause administration of civil officials to go bad are the government official quality and the government atmosphere. Take the Western Han Dynasty as an example, there is no direct causal relationship between the government official quantity and deterioration in administration of civil officials.The reason for deterioration is that the government official system has defects, uneven supply of the materials brings stimulation and there is a complete Confucianist's guiding ideology... |
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