Research On Official Selection System Of Jin Dynasty

The Jin Dynasty(1115—1234) was a political power which was established by Nvzhen,a Chinese north minority of antient times.The official selection system of Jin Dynasty formed gradually on reformation of original institution of Nvzhen and institutions inherited from Liao Dynasty and Northsong Dynasty.The official selection system had vital influence on prosperity and decline of Jin Dynasty.After looking up and arranging plenty of historical data,the auther carried out a overall analysis studying on the foundtion of forefathers research accomplishment.The conclusion is the official selection system of Jin Dynasty is a set based on soldiers with military meirt entering into bureaucracy, hereditary, imperial examination institution , bestowment , people whithout official rank entering into bureaucracy , soldiers close to the emporer entering into bureaucracy,retired military officer entering into bureaucracy,recommendation institution and selling official title institution. Soldiers with military merit entering into bureaucracy have two channals mainly.Firstly, is that the government give the soldier with military merit a official rank and then allow the soldier to enter into bureaucracy. Secondly, the government offer a hereditary post to the soldier with military merit . In the 8th year of the Huangtong period and the 29 year of the Dading period, rulers laid down different regulations .In both regulations ,it is essential for a soldier to establish military merit before he possess a official rank. Consequently , soldiers with military merit entering into bureaucracy institution make it essential for a soldier to fight bravely on battlefield , which is of great importance for the troops of Jin Dynasty to win a war .however , the government discrimnated for soldiers of Nvzhen and against the other nationals , which make it difficalt to strengthen solidity in Jin troops . There were three grades of Hereditary posts in the government of Jin Dynasty , Wanhu , Mengan and Mouke . Imperial family members , relatives of imperial family members and tribe chieftains of Nvzhen can be appointed hereditary officers . Formerly , sons and brothers of hereditary officers can be successor to the hereditary duty . latterly , only the elder decendent can inherited the hereditary posts from their fathers according to regulations concerned . In the periods of Shizong and Zhangzong , two famomous emporers in Jin Dynasty , the government take measures to enhance literary level of hereditary officers . hereditary institution contribute to maintaining dominance position of Nvzhen in the country ,but it has both advantageous and disadvantageous infuence on the Jin power . besides , the post of hereditary is inherited from fathers or old brothers , which bring about many problems . Imperial examination institution in the official selection system derive from that of Liao Dynasty and Northsong Dynasty . Flourishing of education in Jin Dynasty is a important foundation for development of imperial examination institution . In the 2th year of Tianhui period , the government begin to put the policy of imperial examination into practice , and the numbers of imperial examination in Jin dynasty is 38 times . There are two kinds of examinations in the imperial examination, examination of writing and examination of traditional Chinese combat exercise . Decipline of imperial examination is extrame strict . 6000 members jinshi was recruited , 150 in every examination on average in Jin Dynasty . The government have selected plenty of talents ,which is helpful to raise the overall quality of bureaucratic troops. Bestowment institution derive from that of Liao Dynasty and North Song Dynasty . Officers with official rank between 1 and 7 grades ,imperial family members , relatives of imperial family and persons who gave their lives for the country have the right to offer opportunity of entering into bureaucracy to their sons and brothers . All the persons concerned must go through specified procedure according to regulation . Bestowment is connected with the institution of People without official rank entering into bureaucracy . Bestowment contribute to manking officers be faithful to the emporer and keeping the status of Nvzhen as a ruling minority . However , officers of Bestowment kept increasing , which make the bureaucratic troops have more and more redundant personnel . People without official rank entering into bureaucracy institution derived from the Northsong Dynasty . Secretary in the central government is made up of officer sons and brothers , persons who hand joined in the imperial examination but failed inthe end and secretary from local government mainly.secretary in local government are recommended from common people generally . Servicer in imperial palace is made up of officer sons and brothers and common people . Persons from Nvzhen minority in servicer in imperial palace become more and more . Secretary in the central government can enter into bureaucracy and become a officer on condition that he spend 120 months or 150 months in the central government . As for secretary in local government , the span is 30 months or so . Servicer in imperial palace ,according to the post he offer service , have to spend 90 , 120 ,150 ,250,300 or 400 months before he entering into bureaucracy troops .Officers from the channel of People without office rank entering into bureaucracy have both advantage and disadvantage to Official selection system ,so we can not give too high appraisement. Soldiers close to the emporer entering into bureaucracy are Nvzhen people generally , thousands of them are enlisted in the army . Every soldiers can enter into bureaucracy on condition that he has been in the army for 60, 250 , or 300 months .there are all kinds of problems in this institution , therefore , we can not praise it highly too . Mengan and Mouke ,military officer in Jin armed force ,when become old ,have the opportunity to enter into bureaucracy and tobecome officers .A Mengan or Mouke may become a officer with 7 , 8 , or 9 official rank , according to his identity , the time he enlist in the army and the kind of army he enlist ,which is extreme complex in the regulations concerned . This institution contribute to stable of the armed force and status of Nvzhen as a ruling minority , but bring down quality of the bureaucracy . The government enforce recommending policy throughout the whole Jin Dynasty , ability combining with political integrity is the standard , therefore , this institution contribute to improve quality of bureaucracy troops . Selling official title is common in Jin Dynasty .In the period between Xizong and Zhangzong ,the government sold official title occasionally .In the period between Weishaowang and Aizong ,for short of goods and materials ,grain especially ,the government sold official title frequently . Officers who enter into bureaucracy by buying official title are of low quality usually , so Selling official title have negative...