Study On The Corruption And Anti-Corruption Of The Bureaucracy In The Spring And Autumn Period And The Warring States Period

The Slavery began to decline and the Feudality began to establish during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring states period. On one hand, the bureaucracy corruption developed whether in forms or in degree. On the other hand, the governor took some measures to punish the corruption for the sake of hegemony and exist and unification. These measures are valuable experiences and lessons as well today. The article is to discuss the corruption and the anti-corruption measures in order that we can get some useful lessons and experiences. There are four chapters in this article.Chapter Ⅰ emphasize on the concept of corruption, divide the types of corruption and look back the bureaucracy corruption of Xia(夏),Shang(商),Western Zhou Dynasty(西周) . On the bases of other scholars' research, we give a new concept of corruption, it is corruption that bureaucracy misuse national right to obtain personal benefit, which result in the shift of public benefit and the great damage of the country's political, economic, social interest. For the convenience of the research, we divide the corruption into three types, that is, economic corruption, political corruption and life corruption. We think that bureaucracy corruption became more and more serious during Xia(夏),Shang(商),Western Zhou Dynasty(西周) .Chapter Ⅱ is to discuss the corruption in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring states period. There are three sections. In the first section, we expound the bureaucracy corruption according to the classification. Economic corruption include embezzling, bribe,extortion and so on; Political corruption include malfeasance, blending law, forming a clique to pursue selfish interest, conspiring,envying the good and able and so forth; Life corruption includes violating the etiquette, degenerating and so on. We believe that bureaucracy corruption in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring states period became more and more serious than before whether in forms or in degree. In the second section, we compare the corruption in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring states period. There are four new changes in the Warring states period, as follows:1,With the development of commodity economy, more currency are needed but not goods, so official turned to accumulate currency.2,Jealousness became more popular and serious in political corruption. With the social transformation of the Warring States, when new bureaucratic system was built, more scholar bureaucracies attended the ruling class, which broke the former balance, and the competition between the scholar bureaucracies became intense.3,People began to get rid of old etiquette, which had no binding force.4,The corruption degree is more critical, the reasons are as follows:the bureaucracies' responsibility declined;the scholar bureaucracies had difficult in attending ruling class;the value of scholar bureaucracies changed.In the third section, we discuss the bad effects of corruption. Whatever kinds of corruption will endanger the national political power, and it will weaken the power of the emperor, damage law and etiquette, ruin the bureaucracy ethos, give people more burden, sharpen the conflict among classes, maybe it will lead to the collapse of country.In chapter Ⅲ we try to discuss the measures of anti-corruption in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring states period. There are three sections too.In the first section, we demonstrate the specific measures. The measures in Spring and Autumn Period are as follows: ①In the management of bureaucracies, there are careful choice and test of bureaucracies according to probity; ②Establish the supervising system of bureaucracies on the basis of historiographers' and public opinion. ③Advocate thrifty and restrain extravagance. ④Put severe law into force to control corruption. The measures in the Warring States period are as follows: ①Besides the careful choice bureaucracies and the strict management of economic affairs, the country began to access the officials according to whet...