| With the rapid development of protected field agriculture, pollinators are demanded in greenhouse. Beetles are one kind of earliest pollinators and many of them are very important by establishing fixed pollination relationship with flowers during the evolution history of biological geology. Nitidulids (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) were reported as pollinators long ago in oversea studies and can be important pollinators for plants such as Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Ebenaceae, Icacinaceae, Moraceae, Myristicaceae, Palmae etc. Haptoncus luteolus(Erichson) can pollinate Annona squamosa L, A.squamosa X A.cherimola P. Miller and some other plants. But there are no more studies done on it. The morphological, biological and ecological characteristics of H.luteolus were systematically determined in this paper. Combining influence of on the utilization efficiency,development, survival and fecundity of H.luteolus were also examined. Based on this research, H.luteolus could be reared in laboratory.In ecological experiments, the federal effect of different combinations of five levels of temperatures(from 15 to 35 C), three levels of water-contents in soil (from 10 to 20%) and three levels of photo period (from 8 to 16h) on H. luteolus were studied.The study of influence of temperature on development, survival and fecundity H. luteolus were done on five levels of temperature (15 C, 20 C, 25 C, 30 C and 35 C), one setting of water-content in soil(15%) and illumination cycle (L:D=12:12) .Under combinations of three levels of temperature(20 C, 25 C and 30 C) and four levels of relative humiditis (60%, 70%, 80% and 90%), we studied the development, survival and fecundity of H. luteolus.Under the conditions of each treatment, we got at least 10 data of immature stages including eggs, larvae and pupae and the same experiment were repeated three times. Every day we observed them at 3 times regularly (8:00, 14:00 and 20:00). The development and growth of the insects were observed and recorded.The adults were reared in the same conditions with the immature stages. The coupled adults were fed in a finger tube (1.5 6.0cm) by petals of towel gourd sticked by pollen. Every clay we changed the petals regularly and counted the number of eggs the female laid until they were dead. Then, we recorded the Pre-oviposition duration, fecundity and longevity of them.We also examined the influence of different food on development, survival and fecundity of H. luteolus so as to select out suitable food.The results were stated as follows: 1. Pollination morphology of H. luteolusThe morphological characteristics of H.luteolus were observed and the special pollination structure of adult was found with scanning electron microscope. We comparedthe amount of pollen adults schlepping in different parts and found that tarsi of legs play an important role in the process of pollination.2. Threshold temperature and effective temperature sum of H.luteolusThe developmental period of the Haptoncus luteolus was determined under five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 C). The results show that the relationship between temperatures and developmental period of egg to pupa fited the parabola model and developmental period under 30 C is the shortest. The relationship between temperatures and developmental period of adults and whole generation decreased-changes as linearly model with increasing temperatures. Two calculating methods were adopted to analyze the experimental data and calculate the threshold temperature and effective temperature sum, and results were tested by coefficient of variation. Despite of stage of prepupa, the results showed that the optimum seeking method was better than the linear regression method in the analysis of all the other experimental data. The threshold temperature for egg, larva, pupa, pre-oviposition duration ,female and male adults, and the whole generation are 9.9, 7.9, 8.6, 9.5, 13.0 and 13.3, and 5.7 C; and the effective temperature sums for these stages were assessed as 26.4, 53.9, 54.9, 52... |
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