Study On The Evolution Of Genes Related To Echolocation Of Bats And Reproductive Strategy Analysis Of Some Bats In China

1. Chiroptera is the second order in mammal class, its category and amount second only Rodentia. Commonly called bats, is really only mammal group to be hover. They are distributed the globe besides two poles,there are plentiful of it in torrid zone. Maybe Chiroptera and Primates are co-genesia the most primal genuine beasts what to be similar Insectivora, now Chiroptera divide into Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera. The former merely consist of Pteropodidae,41 genus 188 species,no subfamily,distributed by archcontinent tropics and subtropical zone;The latter have a kind of species,include 17 department 160 genus 919 species,and 17 subfamily,its classification system as follow: Rhinolophus,1 genus 76 species; Vespertilionidae,48genus 402 species,and 6 subfamily. Megadermatidae 4 genus 5 species;Rhinopomatidae 1 genus 4 species;Craseonycteridae 1 genus 1 species; Emballonuridae 13 genus 51 species and 2 subfamily; Nycteridae 1 genus 16 species;Mystacinidae 1 genus 2 species;Myzopodidae , 1 genus 1 species;Noctilionidae ,1 genus 2 species; Mormoopidae ,2 genus 10 species; Phyllostomidae ,55 genus 158 species,and 7 subfamily; Furipteridae 2 genus 2 species;Thyropteridae,l genus 3 species;Natalidae ,3 genus 6 species;Molossidae ,4 genus 5 species; Hipposideridae ,9 genus 80 species;its distribution range is widespread.2. Sperm storage is a reproductive strategy of bats. Some species of bats can store mature spermatozoa in epididymis (male) or oviducts and uterus (female) for months. We observed testes, epididymis, ovaries, oviducts and uteri for six species of microbats by the method of Haematoxylin and Eosin (H.E) staining for frozen tissue sections and found sperm storage in five of them. In addition, we discussed the distribution of bats with different reproductive strategies.3. Foxp2 is a transcription factor implicated in the development and neural control of orofacial coordination, particularly with respect to vocalisation. Observations that orthologues show almost no variation across vertebrates yet differ by two amino acids between humans and chimpanzees have led to speculation that recent evolutionary changes might relate to the emergence of language. Echolocating bats face especially challenging sensorimotor demands, using vocal signals for orientation and prey capture. To determine whether mutations in the Foxp2 gene could be associated with echolocation, we sequenced Foxp2 from 43 echolocating and non-echolocating bats as well as 27 other mammal species. With the sequences obtained form the BAC libraries and the published Foxp2 suquences from GenBnank, we analyses the data using the maximum likelihood method. We found that contrary to previous reports, Foxp2 is not highly conserved across all nonhuman mammals but is in fact extremely diverse in echolocating bats. We detected divergent selection at Foxp2 between bats with contrasting sonar systems, suggesting the intriguing possibility of a role in the evolution and development of echolocation. We speculate that observed accelerated evolution of Foxp2 in bats supports a previously proposed function in sensorimotor coordination.