| Donghu was once a powerful north nationality in Chinese history during Spring-Autumn and War States. He got his name for it locating in the eastern of the Xiongnu. The descendants of Donghu have played an important role in Chinese history: Toba Xianbei, one branch of Xianbeis, founded Northern Wei dynasty (386 B.C.-534 B.C.), and ruled half of China. Khitan, the descendants of the Kebi'neng Xianbei, created Liao Dynasty (916B.C.-1125B.C.) and controlled the whole north China. Today's Mongolian, Daur and Xibo also belong to Donghu clan. but the record on it was so scarcity that it couldn't be known to the world. Some scholars even argue the existence of the Donghu tribe. Some archaeologists try to find the remains of the Donghu to testify its existence and study the ancient tribe, but it didn't found valuable clue for many years until the Jinggouzi site was excavated. From 2002 to 2003, two archaeological excavations were carried out at Jinggouzi site in Linxi County, Inner Mongolian, by Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University and Inner Mongolian Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. The site shows a new style culture called Jinggouzi style, which maked Archaeologists believe they may belong to Donghu. The date of this site was estimated to be the period of Spring-Autumn and War States (ca. 2500-2200 years before present).The application of the techniques of ancient DNA (aDNA) allows us to explore the past directly and meticulously by the molecular tool. DNA data obtained from ancient human remains can be used to test hypotheses about human origins, evolution, migrations and admixture, and reconstruct ancestor-descendant relationships between populations. In addition, social organization structure and marriage patterns in history and prehistory can be elucidated based on aDNA data at large. Therefore we collected several bone and tooth samples from Jinggouzi Site and analyzed genetic relationship among JGZ and compared populations.The fragment 16038-16391 on the mtDNA hypervariable segment I sequences were amplified with two pairs of primers, and haplogroup defined sites were made single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. 36 sequences which length was 354 bp from mtDNA hypervariable segment I sequences were obtained from 43 individuals. Compared to the Cambridge standard sequence (CRS) , total of 30 polymorphism sites were detected, which were 28 conversion mutations and 2 transversion mutations (16171 A→C, 16293A→C). In the 28 conversion mutations, there were 7 polymorphism sites which mutation rates were more than 16%, showing a higher polymorphism, and there were Respectively 16093 (T→C),16129 (G→A),16223 (C→T),16278 (C→T),16298 (T→C),16327 (C→T) and 16362 (T→C).Compared to the high variable region sequences'variation motifs, the nt10400 (M-type), nt4833 (G-type), nt5178 (D- type), nt14318 (C-type) sites in the coding region were detected its polymorphisms by APLP and determined which haplotypes the sequence belonged to. In the 23 haplotypes, there were 60.9 percent of the D-type (14 haplotypes), 17.4% of the G-type (4 haplotypes), 17.4 percent of the C-type (4 haplotypes). High frequencies of haplotypes C, D, G and Z were the main features of the North population haplotypes distributions. The haplotype frequencies of ancient people in the Jinggouzi site were close to the North Asia population. Molecular diversity and genetic distance were calculated and compared with ancient Jinggouzi (JGZ) population and 14 modern populations by software Alequin3 with the mtDNA hypervariable segment I sequences. It was made a Phylogenetic analysis and multi-dimensional scale analysis based on genetic distance. Molecular diversity parameters in the Jinggouzi ancient population closing to modern people shows that the internal differences in the Jinggouzi ancient close to modern people. Neutrality tests and Mismatch distribution show that the Jinggouzi ancient people had experienced a population expansion.In the Phylogenetic tree and two-dimensional multi-dimensional map, the Jinggouzi population, Tuvan population, yakut population, Mongolian population, evenki population and Oroqun population make up of North Asia population gathered together, and it belong to North Asia population. With haplotypes frequencies distribution, it can make a conclusion that Jinggouzi ancient population from North Asia. The Jinggouzi population belongs to the Eastern Hu nationality and the matrilineal genetic relationship of Jinggouzi ancient population close to the population of Ewenki and Oroqen. Compared with the Xianbei population and the Xiongnu population, the genetic distance between the Jinggouzi ancient population and the Xianbei population which belong to the Eastern Hu nationality is very close. Comprehensive analysis, from the view of molecular genetics,it supports the conclusion that Jinggouzi ancient population belongs to Eastern Hu nationality.Physical anthropology research on JGZ ancient population and other Donghu clan (Xianbei, Mongolian) shows they all have physical character of ancient Siberia Mongoloid. This study shows that JGZ ancient population has the near distance to modern north Asian population and Donghu descendents. Considering the date, location and physical anthropology research, Jgz population belongs to Donghu.
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