| The loss of social economy resulted from frequent flood and drought ranks top among that due to various natural disaster in China, and the government has been paying attention to countermeasures to relieve the damage due to disaster of flood and drought for long. Flood and drought makes key impact on the social economic development, especially the development and stability of rural social economy, so it is much important to study on flood and drought and corresponding countermeasures.North China in the 20th century is studied in this paper, and the occurred flood and drought, impact on rural social economy and corresponding countermeasures with in the period from 1912 to 2000 are reviewed completely. Not only flood and drought was frequent in the Republican period, but key disaster arise more frequently than the last. Although some disaster prevention and reduction measures were taken but minor performance were obtained due to low social disaster bearing capacity and poor disaster mitigation measures, as well as combination of natural disaster and man-made disaster due to intrusion of imperialism and long-term war. The policy of " Prevention first, combined with mitigation" was worked out since foundation of PRC, viz, on one hand, large-scale river management and irrigation and water conservancy projects were developed, irrigation and prevention projects were built and flood control system were established; on the other hand, actively advise production and self-help to overcome the difficulties via recover and develop the production in disaster area.From view of history development, for reduce the loss due to flood and drought, both prevention and mitigation are important, and flood prevention is basic. Human activities makes important role on deepen impacts, so it must be taken into consideration in disaster preventions. From view of long-term, sustainable development and balance between human and nature shall be most effective in disaster preventions.
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