Study On The Relationship Between The Diversity And Species Abundance Spatial Distribution Patterns Of Small Mammals And Fleas In Hengduan Mountains

Objective 1. To probe and study the relationship between the species and genus or family of spatial distribution patterns of in Hengduan Mountains of Yunnan.2. In order to investigate and study the change trends and spatial distribution pattern of the small mammals and fleas species diversity and abundance in farmland of Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan Province.Methods This paper is based on investigation of fleas and small mammals in Hengduan Mountains of Yunnan, and the field investigation data were accumulated and statistically analyzed in order to analyze and study the problems of species diversities and abundance, spatial distribution patterns, and characteristics of mammals and fleas and the relationship of the geographical enviromental factors in Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan Province.Results:1) Spatial distribution and species richness relationship among genus, family and class of small mammals in Hengduan Mountains of YunnanDistribution of 8 latitude gradients zones of small mammals, species were not relevant to family (F=0.333, p=0.520); genus were not relevant to family (F=0.163, p=0.699);the number of species was very significantly correlated with the number of genus (F=0.946; P<0.01).Distribution of 9 altitude gradients zones of small mammals, the number of species was very significantly correlated with the number of genus as well as family (P<0.01), the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.83. The correlations between the species and genus are very significant (r>0.966; P<0.01); Among them, the correlation between species number and genus number within class was the highest, and the correlation of genus-family was stronger than that of family-species.2) Spatial distribution and species richness relationship among genus, family and class of fleas in Hengduan Mountains of YunnanDistribution of 8 latitude gradients zones of fleas, species richness of genus, family and class strongly correlated with each other. species richness of species-genus (r>0.91; P<0.01) and family-genus (r>0.92; P<0.01)was very significantly correlated, species richness of species was very correlated with that of family(r>0.82; P<0.05), the former is much larger than the latter.Distribution of 10 altitude gradients zones of fleas, between the change of species-genus (r>0.74; P<0.05) and family-genus (r>0.75; P>0.05) has very significantly positive correlation respectively, there are not obvious of change of species- family (F=0.633; P>0.05).3) Species richness relationship between small mammals and fleas in different environmental gradients in Hengduan Mountains of YunnanCorrelation analysis showed species richness of small mammals and fleas along latitude gradients distribution:species richness has significantly positive correlation respectively among genus of small mammals and species of fleas (r=0.801; P<0.05), species of small mammals and family of fleas (r=0.733; P<0.05) and species of small mammals and genus of fleas (r=0.760; P<0.05); species of small mammal has very significantly positive correlation with species of fleas (r=0.916; P<0.01). Family of small mammals was not relevant to the family of fleas.Correlation analysis showed species richness of small mammals and fleas along altitude gradients distribution:species richness has very significantly positive correlation respectively among family of small mammals and genus of fleas (r=0.877; P<0.01), genus of small mammals and genus of fleas (r=0.790; P<0.01) and species of small mammals and genus of fleas (r=0.819; P<0.01); family of small mammal has significantly positive correlation with species of fleas (r=0.670; P<0.05).4) Spatial distribution patterns of small mammals species diversity in farmland of Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan Provincea. Composition and distribution of small mammals in farmland of Hengduan Mountains in YunnanThe survey was conducted in the farmland areas of 40 villages (towns) of the 13 counties including (Lijiang, Jianchuan, Tengchong and so on), A total of 4,316 mammals were collected and identified as 43 species,21 genera,8 families,3 orders.b. Spatial distribution patterns of small mammals a-diversity in farmland of Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan ProvinceA gradual decrease followed by a gradual increase was noticed in the small mammals species richness distribution as the latitude increased, the peak at 24°30'～25°00'N. With the latitudinal gradients increasing, the species diversity appeared single-peak patterns, which gradually increased and then decreased; With the altitudinal gradients increasing, species richness and the species diversity appeared single-peak patterns, which gradually increased and then decreased; it was a single-peak in the area from 1,500 m to 2,000 m. c. Spatial distribution patterns of small mammalsβ-diversity in farmland of Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan ProvinceThe investigation revealed thatβ-diversity (Cody index) of small mammals along latitude gradients generally appeared lowest at middle value, and higher in lower as well as higher latitude gradients, the peak at betweenⅡ～Ⅲzones andⅦ～Ⅷzones. Cody index of small mammals along increasing altitude increased first and then decreased; with the peak at about 1500-2500 m.5) Spatial distribution patterns of fleas species diversity in farmland of Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan Provincea. Composition and distribution of fleas in farmland of Hengduan Mountains in YunnanThe survey was conducted in the farmland areas of 41 villages (towns) of the 13 counties including (Lijiang, Jianchuan, Tengchong and so on), A total of 4,010 fleas were collected and identified as 37 species,20 genera,6 families.b. Spatial distribution patterns of fleas a-diversity in farmland of Hengduan Mountains in YunnanFleas species richness along increasing latitude decreased first and then increased; with the peak at 26°00'～27°00'N. With the latitudinal gradients increasing, the species diversity gradually increased, with the peak at 27°30'～28°00'N; With the altitudinal gradients increasing, species richness and the species diversity appeared contrast distribution patterns; with the peak at about 1,500-2,000 m and 2,500-2.900 m respectively.c. Spatial distribution patterns of fleasβ-diversity in farmland of Hengduan Mountains in YunnanThe investigation revealed thatβ-diversity (Cody index) of fleas along latitude gradients generally appeared lowest at middle value, and higher in lower as well as higher latitude gradients, the peak at betweenⅠ～Ⅳzones and VII-VIII zones. Cody index of fleas along increasing altitude appear the peak at about 1,500-3,200m.6) Cluster analysis and fauna characteristics of small mammals and fleas communities in farmland of Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan Small mammals and fleas communities were classified into three main ecological types by cluster analysis,1) relatively low latitude and altitude.2) relatively high latitude and altitude,3) latitude and altitude fall in between. small mammals species in 5 vertical zones of Hengduan Mountains were classified into 3 ecological types by cluster analysis.Cluster analysis reflected the influence of some ecological factors (such as altitude, latitude, climate environment, and vegetation) on mammals and fleas species distribution and community composition. It also demonstrated that species distribution is in accordance with the altitudinal gradient and environment.7) Spatial distribution patterns and relationship of species diversity and common species abundance of small mammals and fleas in farmland of Hengduan Mountains in Yunnana. Relationship analysis of small mammals species diversity, density and common species abundanceThe southern district:dominant species abundance (especially Rattus tanezumi) has very significantly positive correlation with species richness, species diversity and Pielou index E; however, it was very significantly negative correlation with ecological dominance. Dominant species abundance leaded the changing tendency, species diversity, and ecological dominance of small mammals in house-rat rondent plague. Rattus brunneusculus has positive correlation with species diversity index, while negative correlation with ecological dominance and Rattus tanezumi abundance. Rattus nitidus and Rattus yunnanensis abundance were not relevant to species diversity, ecological dominance and density of small mammals.The central district:dominant species abundance (especially Rattus brunneusculus) has positive correlation with ecological dominance, and negative correlation with Pielou index. Result shows Rattus brunneusculus play the important role and status in the area. Anourosorex squamipes abundance has positive correlation with species density. The north district:dominant species abundance (especially Apodemus chevrieri) has very significantly negative correlation with species diversity and Pielou index E, and has very significantly positive correlation with ecological dominance, which leaded the changing tendency of species diversity and ecological dominance of small mammals in wild rondent plague. Eothenomys miletus abundance has positive correlation with species richness, and significantly negative correlation with ecological dominance; Apodemus draco abundance has positive correlation with Pielou index.b. Relationship analysis of fleas species diversity, density and common species abundanceThe southern district:Leptopsylla segnis has positive correlation with species diversity, density and Pielou index E and negative correlation with ecological dominance, which leaded the changing tendency of species diversity, Pielou index and ecological dominance of fleas in house-rat rondent plague. P. remota abundance has negative correlation with ecological dominance; Xenopsylla cheopis abundance was not relevant to species diversity, density and common species abundance of fleas.The central district:fleas density has positive correlation with species richness, species diversity index and P. custodis abundance. The relationship among Neopsylla speicalis abundance, fleas density, main fleas abundance and species diversity were not obvious. P. custodies abundance has positive correlation with species density.The north district:fleas density has very significantly positive correlation with species richness, positive correlation with species diversity index. P. remota abundance appears significantly positive correlation with F. spadi x abundance, In addition, Neopsylla speicalis, C. quadrat us and F. spadi x abundance were not affected with the fleas density species diversity index.Conclusion:1) Relationship among genus, family and class in numberof small mammals and fleas display basic similar correlation coefficient along latitudinal and altitude gradients in Hengduan Mountains of Yunnan. The investigation showed up cooperative evolution trends between small mammals and fleas species richnes, differences and effects of environment gradients; 2) Spatial distribution patterns of small mammals and fleas demonstrated that fauna distribution of small mammals and fleas were affected with altitude, latitude gradients, climate environment, and human disturbance factors. It also demonstrated that species distribution was in accordance with the altitudinal gradient and environment.3) Due to variation in climate and other environment conditions, There were obvious differences that the relationship among species composition of small mammals and fleas, dominance species abundance and density as well as spatial distribution patterns of species diversity. Consequently, the paper illustrate that it is an important significance to study species composition, the relationship between abundance and species diversity as well as the impact of environmental factors on small and fleas.