Research On The Impact And Policy Of Reducing Construction Land In Suburban Areas Of Economically Developed Regions Based On The Lack Of Spatial Justic

High-quality development in the new era has put forward higher requirements for territorial spatial planning.In May 2019,the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued "Several Opinions on Establishing a Territorial Spatial Planning System and Supervising its Implementation(Zhongfa[2019] No.18)",which clearly states that "in accordance with the requirements of highquality development,the top-level design of territorial spatial planning should be done".The transformation of territorial spatial planning from incremental planning to reduction planning is an inevitable choice to achieve high-quality development under the tight constraints of population,resources and environment,and to implement the control of the total amount and intensity of construction land.The new round of territorial spatial planning such as Urban Master Plan of Shanghai,China(2017―2035)and Urban Master Plan of Beijing,China(2016―2035)have reflected the strategic thinking of reduction planning and development.Urban Master Plan of Shanghai,China(2017―2035)proposes that by 2035,the area used for construction land per unit of gross domestic product in Shanghai will not be higher than 42 hectares per billion RMB,while this value was as high as 125 hectares per billion RMB in 2015.It is urgent to solve the contradiction between supply and demand of construction land under the constraints of territorial spatial planning.The transformation from incremental expansion to stock optimization and reduction has become a policy innovation to break the contradiction between supply and demand of construction land in economically developed regions.Shanghai is the first city in China to implement construction land reduction(CLR)in the whole area and explore a new model of highquality utilization of construction land.CLR led by territorial spatial planning has become a policy innovation in economically developed regions such as Shanghai to adapt to the tight constraint of construction land quotas,aiming to promote the efficient allocation of land resources and free up space for urban development.The territorial spatial planning has limited the development rights of each region,and the areas with poor comprehensive benefits of construction land in the suburban areas of the city have become the net reduction areas of construction land(NRACL).According to the principle of fairness,the reduction obligation of the CLR subject is equivalent to that of other subjects,or the right to use the CLR surplus quotas for new construction projects is equivalent.Due to the differences in the marginal spatial tendency to reduce construction land and the marginal spatial tendency to use land development rights,the CLR policy of regional differences in economically developed regions has prompted the transfer of land development rights from NRACL to net increase areas of construction land(NIACL),generating spatial injustice(SI)and limiting the development of advantage of backwardness in NRACL.SI and the development problems in NRACL need to be paid attention to.However,the impact of SI on the development of NRACL has not yet attracted much academic attention,and the answer to the problem of how to solve the development of NRACL cannot yet be found from the existing literature.Common prosperity is an essential requirement of socialism,and The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Proposals for the Formulation of the 14 th Five-Year Plan(2021-2025)for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 first proposed "common prosperity for all people".Ensuring the effective realization of spatial justice(SJ)in CLR has become an important prerequisite for meeting the growing needs of people for a better life,and is an inevitable choice to solve the unbalanced and insufficient development and promote the common prosperity of all people.To this end,this paper takes Shanghai as an example to study the impact and policy of SI in CLR(SICLR)in suburban areas of economically developed regions,which has important policy implications for ensuring the realization of SJ in the process of CLR and promoting the development of NRACL.This paper develops along the logical line of "theoretical research → empirical research → policy research".Firstly,in terms of theoretical research,a theoretical model is constructed to study the influence mechanism of SICLR in suburban areas.Secondly,in terms of empirical research.(1)The impact of SICLR in suburban areas on the economic development of NRACL is studied and empirically tested.(2)The impact mechanism of SICLR in suburban areas on the economic development disparity of NRACL is studied and empirically tested.(3)The impact of SICLR in suburban areas on the sustainability of CLR policies is investigated.(4)The selection behavior of residents on the compensation scheme for CLR in suburban areas is studied.Finally,based on theoretical and empirical studies,an equivalence system of SJ for CLR is designed to improve the development level of NRACL in suburban areas of economically developed regions,and supporting reform policy suggestions to realize this SJ equivalence system are proposed.The following research conclusions are mainly drawn.First,under the transformation of territorial spatial planning from incremental planning to reduction planning,suburban CLR in economically developed regions fits the requirements of high-quality development in the new era and provides a solution to break the tight constraint of urban construction land quotas,but also limits the ability to realize the development rights in NRACL,leading to SICLR.Second,in the process of CLR,the self-reduction and self-use of construction land quotas in NRACL and NIACL seem to be the most fair but also the most inefficient.By transferring the surplus quotas formed by CLR across regions without corresponding compensation,although it helps to improve the efficiency of construction land allocation,it harms the interests of NRACL and is not sustainable.The transfer of population from NRACL to NIACL is conducive to the linked development of NRACL and NIACL,but it also places higher demands on the quality of population in NRACL.Third,SI constrains the mechanism of the advantage of backwardness of NRACL and thus limits the economic development of NRACL.Land use planning has a negative impact on the economic development of areas with net reduction in planned construction land.NIACL have a comparative advantage over NRACL in solving development problems.SI has a much greater impact on per capita output than on per land output and total output in NRACL because the population in NRACL has not shifted to NIACL in sufficient quantity.Fourth,SI widens the economic development disparity in NRACL.The mechanism by which SI widens the economic development disparity in NRACL is:widening the differences in the allocation of construction land;reducing the number of enterprises in NRACL and bringing down the employment level of secondary and tertiary industries;and suppressing the investment level in NRACL,including fixed asset investment and foreign direct investment.Fifth,SI significantly reduces residents’ policy acceptance of CLR,which is detrimental to the sustainability of CLR policy.Improving residents’ living conditions through centralized housing may be a mechanism for SJ to enhance the sustainability of CLR policies.SI is detrimental to the sustainability of the policy in areas with net reduction in planned construction land.Cadre status reinforces residents’ perceptions of policy sustainability.SI is also detrimental to the sustainability of CLR policies in other townships.SI significantly reduces the extent to which residents identify with the social and ecological objectives of the planned CLR policy.Influenced by the performance assessment,cadres pay more attention to the economic objectives of the planned CLR policy.Sixth,to compensate for the losses caused by the net reduction of construction land in NRACL to the direct subjects being reduced,there can be three possible schemes: direct economic compensation type,in-situ enhancement of development capacity type and off-site enhancement of development capacity type.At the macro level,the more reasonable the compensation standard,the lower the employment pressure in townships,the more obvious the location advantage of townships,the higher the population density of townships and the higher the development pressure of townships,the more residents prefer the direct economic compensation type;the more obvious the location disadvantage of townships,the higher the population density of townships and the higher the development pressure of townships,the more residents prefer the in-situ enhancement of development capacity type;the more reasonable the compensation standard,the higher the employment pressure in the township,and the more obvious the disadvantage of township location,the more the residents prefer the off-site enhancement of development capacity type.From the perspective of micro factors,the older the residents,the lower the education level and the higher the family income,the more they prefer the direct economic compensation type;the higher the education level and the higher the family income,the more they prefer the in-situ enhancement of development capacity type;the higher the family income and the higher the family support pressure,the more they prefer the off-site enhancement of development capacity type.At this stage,there is no significant difference between cadres and non-cadres in their choice of compensation schemes.Areas with net reduction in planned construction land prefer the direct economic compensation type,while areas with net increase in planned construction land and areas with basic balance of increase and decrease in planned construction land prefer in-situ enhancement of development capacity type.Finally,we design a SJ equivalence system for CLR to improve the development level of suburban NRACL in economically developed regions,and propose supporting reform policies to realize this SJ equivalence system.Specifically,first,to enhance the development potential of NRACL in suburban areas;second,to establish a crossregional support mechanism based on the regional differences of SICLR;third,to strengthen the economic and ecological compensation for suburban NRACL;fourth,to establish a system of citizenship and concentrating the population in suburban NRACL to NIACL;fifth,to optimize the system of assetization of the rights of collective economic organizations in suburban NRACL.Taking Shanghai as an example,the impact of SICLR in suburban areas of economically developed regions is studied in depth,an equivalence system of SJ for CLR is designed,and policy recommendations for supporting reforms are proposed.It enriches the theoretical connotation of SI,expands the relevant research on economic development under reduction planning and the quantitative research on the compensation scheme for CLR,and also expands the intersection and application of other disciplines in economics,with certain interdisciplinary innovation.It can provide policy reference for the correction of SI under the new round of territorial spatial planning,policy reference for the improvement of CLR policy,and policy reference for the realization of SJ in the process of promoting CLR in other regions.