Research On The Sustinable Development Of Shared Products In The Era Of "Internet+"

In the past two decades,the development of Internet technology in China has not only changed people’s daily lives,but has also had an important impact on economic development.At present,China has officially entered the era of"Internet+".The "Internet+" is the core of a new round of industrial and technological revolution in China,and at the same time,the concept of "Internet+"has created a revolutionary impact and challenge to various traditional industries.In this context,the business model of sharing economy has emerged.The sharing economy is a model for the effective allocation of social resources in the Internet+era.The advantage of this model is that it can fully exploit and utilise the idle resources of society,thus promoting the green development of the country.The emergence of the sharing economy has provided a new way of doing business for many industries,with enterprises offering online services that allow users to share services or items such as accommodation,bikes,massage chairs and so on,while charging a fee.China proposed in 2016 to vigorously promote the development of the sharing economy,and since then a variety of sharing products have flooded into this emerging market.However,as a business model that has yet to be perfected,the sharing economy still has many problems at this stage,such as vicious competition in the market,inadequate user experience and excessive operating costs,etc.Solving the various problems in the existing model is the key to a healthy and sustainable development of the sharing economy is to address the problems of the existing models.In addition,the sharing economy can be divided into two models based on the ownership of products:one in which users share their own goods or services,such as online car and the other in which enterprises share their tangible assets or products,such as shared bike.It is important to emphasise here that this paper looks at shared products whose ownership is vested in enterprises and shared bike refers specifically to dockless bikesharing system.Existing research has explored many aspects of shared products in the Internet+era and their specific impacts on society,including business models,user behaviour,environmental benefits and industry development,which have laid the foundation for exploring the sustainable development of shared products.The sustainability of an industry involves economic,environmental and social aspects,and is a multi-disciplinary,interdisciplinary and complex systemic issue.In order to better assess the sustainability of shared products,this paper presents a qualitative and quantitative study of the key issue of ’sustainability’ from a systemic perspective,using bike-sharing as an example.This paper uses a combination of theoretical analysis and computer simulation methods such as system dynamics,evolutionary game theory and intelligent body modelling,mainly explores the sustainable development of the shared products in the era of Internet+.The results of the study provide guidance to the stakeholders in developing improvement strategies.Using a causal loop analysis approach,this paper first identifies the factors influencing sustainability,their interrelationships and key challenges,using the closed-loop supply chain of bike-sharing as an example,and provides a framework for the research.The paper then uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse one important and easily overlooked manifestation of unsustainability in the economic,environmental and social aspects of shared products,and to propose corresponding management recommendations.Finally,the paper explores the game relationship between the government-led operators of shared products and how to promote the sustainability performance of shared products from the government’s perspective by constructing a multi-party evolutionary game model.The findings of this paper are as follows.Firstly,the factors influencing the sustainability performance of shared products in terms of economic,environmental and social aspects and their key challenges are explored.Taking bike-sharing as an example,the interactions and feedback relationships of the factors in the closed-loop supply chain are identified from a systemic perspective,providing a framework and inspiration for the research of this paper.As a typical representative of shared products in the "Internet+" era,the bikesharing industry has gradually matured after the low point in 2018.Based on the closed-loop supply chain model of bike-sharing,this paper identifies the key challenges to the sustainable development into three aspects:economic,environmental and social,and identifies the influencing factors.The paper then applies a causal loop analysis to identify the interactions and feedback relationships between the influencing factors.Finally,based on the causal loop diagram the paper reveals the dynamic,non-linear and complex characteristics of the system and proposes corresponding management recommendations to improve the sustainability performance of sharing products.The study found that:(1)urban space production:some shared products can affect the planning and layout of urban space,and effectively limiting the number of shared products and building related facilities within limited urban space remains a top priority;(2)broken window effect:even if only a small number of damaged or abandoned shared products are not disposed of in a timely manner,many other problems will soon be exposed,seriously hindering the normal operation of the sharing product enterprises(3)Holistic governance:the development of sharing products involves multiple stakeholders such as citizens,governments,users,operating enterprises and manufacturers,and requires the promotion of a collaborative,multi-centre governance model;(4)Investment in research and development:the development of relevant technologies in the closed-loop supply chain of shared products is key to ensuring the sustainable use of resources,and the environmental performance of the shared products themselves has a direct impact on the sustainable development of the environment.development.Therefore,the study of the sustainable development of shared products in the"Internet+" era should consider more important dimensions and take a more holistic and systematic approach.Secondly,the main problems of the shared product in terms of economic sustainability are analysed.Based on the obtained business behaviour and related data,a system dynamics model of an enterprise operating shared bikes is developed for the enterprise’s revenue and expenditure situation,and potential improvement strategies are assessed based on a simulation of the case of Mobike’s operation in Beijing.This paper has already described that the sustainability performance of shared products can be evaluated in three dimensions:economic,environmental and social,and this paper will then analyse shared products in each of these three dimensions.Therefore,this paper develops a system dynamics model of an enterprise operating shared bikes based on relevant theories in economics,which is used to explore the main factors affecting the economic sustainability of this business model in an environment of intense market competition and government intervention.In order to simulate a realistic situation,this paper collects as much data and information as possible related to bike-sharing,which is used to better identify the variables and the relationships between them.Finally,the paper further validates the model using a case study of Mobike’s operation in Beijing,and analyses the operational process,key factors and policy implications of sharing product business model through computer simulations,with the aim of providing a reference for enterprises and government departments to develop strategies.The study found that:(1)the main problems for the unsustainability of the sharing products economy are:the high rate of normal and man-made damage,increased competition due to the influx of capital into the market,the high cost of production and the failure to develop new profit channels;(2)the government needs to intervene in the sharing products market in order to prevent vicious competition,so as to improve the efficiency of the allocation of market resources;(3)the research and development of relevant technologies in the closed-loop supply chain of sharing products is very important,and enterprises need technological support in order to open up and cut costs.Research and development are important,and enterprises need technological support to open up and cut costs;(4)the two models in the sharing economy are fundamentally different.In the business model of enterprises sharing products,even if they occupy a large enough market share,their operating costs will not decrease,nor will the marginal cost of adding more active users.Thirdly,it explores the issue of environmental protection of the product itself,which is easily overlooked in terms of environmental sustainability of shared products.By studying the competitive relationship between environmentally friendly and non-environmentally friendly products in a shared industry,a system dynamics model is constructed based on evolutionary game theory to reveal the changing pattern of the number of environmentally friendly shared products in the market.The original purpose of the sharing economy is to save resources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Therefore,the study of the environmental sustainability of sharing products needs to consider not only the energy saving and emission reduction of the products during the use phase,but also the resource consumption of the products during the production,operation and recycling phases,which is inseparable from the environmental attributes of the sharing products themselves,and this is often easily overlooked.This paper analyses the competition between environmentally friendly shared products and nonenvironmentally friendly shared products in the sharing industry,based on the interrelationship between government,enterprises and consumers(users)in the sharing industry.Evolutionary game theory is introduced to define the rate of change in the quantity of environmentally friendly sharing products and a system dynamics model is developed.The model is simulated using the development of bike-sharing in Beijing as an example,and the simulation results are consistent with the evolutionary game theory and the real situation.The simulation results are consistent with the evolutionary game theory and the reality.Afterwards,the paper reveals the quantity change pattern of environmentally friendly shared products based on the simulation results of different strategies and puts forward corresponding suggestions to promote the environmentally sustainable development of shared products.The study found that:(1)government subsidies to enterprises that operate eco-share products and to consumers who rent eco-share products will both increase the number of eco-share products in the industry,and the change in subsidies is proportional to the change in quantity;(2)although both types of subsidies will increase the number of eco-share products,when the amount of subsidies are the same,government subsidies to consumers are more effective,and the government can change its(3)Consumer experience and environmental awareness are also key factors that influence the change in the number of environmentally friendly shared products,but the government and enterprises need to invest moderately;when investment is too low,this factor hinders the increase in the number of environmentally friendly shared products,and when investment is too high,the more investment the less significant the impact on the number of environmentally friendly shared products.Fourthly,a key problem exposed by shared products in terms of social sustainability is studied.Based on an intelligent body modelling approach,an evaluation model of the impact of bike-sharing parking violations on traffic is developed based on field visits and research to quantitatively assess the impact of parking violations on the overall road,using specific locations as examples.The emergence of various shared products has met the needs of people in different scenarios.For example,shared bikes have solved the problem of "last mile" travel for urban residents and improved the efficiency of urban transport.However,the current construction of bike facilities cannot support such a large number of shared bikes,and the phenomenon of illegal parking of shared bikes occurs repeatedly,seriously affecting traffic order and impeding pedestrian safety,while the impact of such behaviour on society is often difficult to quantify.In this paper,based on the actual situation of illegal parking of shared bikes near the bus station of Beijing North Station,a multi-intelligent body modelling of pedestrians,bikes,cars and buses is implemented using AnyLogic software based on the social force model of pedestrians,and the specific impact of illegal parking of shared bikes on road traffic in each time period is analysed by means of computer simulation,and an management scheme is proposed based on the simulation results.The study found that:(1)due to the lack of proper operation and maintenance,some of the shared products will affect the normal social order,the more significant the impact of illegal parking of shared bikes on the time periods with higher pedestrian and vehicular traffic flow;(2)during the lunch peak hours,illegal parking of shared bikes increased the congestion index of bikes on the road section by 20.5%,that of cars by 14.2%and that of buses by 7.0%;(3)during the morning and evening peak hours,illegal parking of shared bikes increased the(3)During the morning and evening peak hours,illegal parking of shared bikes increased the congestion index of the road section by 45.2%for bikes,29.0%for cars and 8.3%for buses;(4)illegal parking of shared bikes will have a greater negative impact on road traffic,so the government and enterprises should pay more attention to the operation and maintenance activities during the time of high traffic flow,give priority to the areas seriously affected by illegal parking of shared bikes,and coordinate and plan the operation and maintenance activities of all road sections This will help to alleviate road congestion in cities and improve the social sustainability of the industry.Fifth,it explores how the government can effectively guide the sustainable development of a shared product industry.By analysing the government’s strategic influence on enterprises and each other,it constructs a multi-party evolutionary game model consisting of the government and several shared product enterprises,and uses a combination of mathematical reasoning and simulation to put forward relevant recommendations for the governance of the shared product industry.The previous study has shown that governments can greatly influence the sustainability performance of the shared product industry in various aspects.In the case of bike-sharing,for example,governments can both penalise enterprises for violations and,at the same time,invest in the construction of relevant supporting facilities to facilitate the operation of the enterprises.Therefore,it is essential to study how the government can guide the sustainable development of the shared product industry.Under the assumption of limited rationality,this paper develops a multi-party evolutionary game model consisting of the government and several enterprises by considering the strategic influence between multiple non-cooperative enterprises and the interrelationship between the government and the enterprises from a macro perspective.Afterwards,the paper uses a combination of theoretical analysis and computer simulation to mutually verify the correctness and explore the impact of different penalty scenarios on the game process and the strategic choices of the parties in the scenarios.Finally,the paper discusses both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the problems encountered by the government in enhancing the sustainability of the shared product industry and analyses the corresponding management strategies.The study found that:(1)using system dynamics to simulate the evolutionary game process is an effective way to explore the stability of the system and to determine the evolutionary stability strategy.(2)In the fixed penalty scheme,the strategy choices of the government and enterprises will fluctuate continuously,and there is no evolutionary stable strategy in the game process.The frequency and magnitude of fluctuations are related to the initial values of some variables,and changing only the penalty coefficients cannot suppress fluctuations,but the scheme can reduce the violation rate of several enterprises in the short term and play a role in rapidly improving the development of the industry.(3)The dynamic penalty scheme can effectively suppress fluctuations in the game process and reduce the uncertainty of industry development,and the steady state is not affected by each player’s initial strategy.(4)When choosing a scheme,the government should organically combine the fixed penalty scheme and the dynamic penalty scheme according to the main objectives at different times,so as to reduce the violation rate of enterprises while avoiding fluctuations in the game,as to promote the sustainable development of the shared product industry in a stable manner.