Research On Institutional Arrangement Of Derivative Elements Embedded In Rural Economy

Development power is the key to promoting the healthy and sustainable development of rural economy.For a long time,China’s rural areas have been driven by the combination of basic production factors of "land+labor".In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China and for a period of time after that,China’s rural economy has undergone tremendous and profound changes by reforming and reorganizing the combination of basic production factors.Since entering the new era,trends such as agricultural modernization and upgrading,socialized production,market-oriented reform,and digital transformation have continued to emerge and strengthen.Under the influence of multiple backgrounds and complex trends,the driving force of the combination of basic production factors on the rural economy is obviously insufficient.Derivative factors of production represented by technology,capital,talents,and data are derived in the process of material production and reproduction,which has become an important component of the driving force of rural economic development.This paper starts from the effect of the combined changes of the basic production factors on the rural economy,and examines the impact of the derivative factors of production embedded in the countryside.It focuses on analyzing the contradictions and problems arising from the embedding process from the perspectives of productivity and production relations,and dialectically analyzes the positive and negative effects of the embedding of derived factors of production.It is proposed to embed the derived factors of production into the rural economy and realize its endogenous in order to optimize the traditional rural power structure and enhance the internal driving force of rural economic development.By sorting out the changes in the combination of basic production factors of "land+labor" since the founding of New China,it shows that changes in the combination of basic production factors have a huge impact on productivity and production relations at different stages.Specifically,the changes in the combination of basic production factors in my country’s rural areas are summarized into "four characteristics" under "three qualitative changes",and then "two separations" are used to improve and innovate."Three qualitative changes" refers to three fundamental changes in the nature of land and labor,including the transformation of labor organization from private to public,land ownership from private to public,and labor organization from public to private;"Four characteristics" refers to four different combinations of land and labor,including private-private,private-public,public-public,and public-private;"Twice separation" refers to the fact that the household contract responsibility system divides land ownership into ownership and contract management rights,and the land contract management rights are further divided into contract rights and management rights under the pattern of "separation of three rights".The analysis of changes in the combination of basic production factors fully verifies that the combination of production factors,as the fundamental driving force of rural development,plays a vital role in rural economic development.By sorting out the policy arrangements of derivative production factors in 18 "No.1 Documents" from 2004 to 2021,we can understand the current policy deployment of the Party Central Committee on the scope and role functions of derivative production factors.Taking the entry of socialism with Chinese characteristics into a new era as the time division,four characteristics of the policy arrangements after the new era are summarized.First,the important role of derivative factors of production in "agriculture,rural areas and farmers" is more prominently emphasized,and the important position of derivative factors is fully highlighted.Second,the role of derivative factors of production has been expanded,and their activity in rural revitalization and construction has increased.Third,the policy arrangement for the derived factors of production moves from theory to practice.Fourth,the policy system has changed from proposing ways and means to establishing systems and mechanisms,indicating that the deepening of understanding has made policy arrangements more perfect.On the one hand,the embedding of technical elements promotes the transformation of land use methods,promotes the large-scale management and intensive use of land,and accelerates the conversion of the advantages and disadvantages of the natural force of the land.On the other hand,while exacerbating the spatial displacement occupational differentiation of farmers,it also causes the local occupational differentiation of farmers,which has a double impact of exclusion and increase in the employment of rural labor force,and causes a huge adjustment of rural social relations.In terms of land use,the embedding of capital elements can not only change the way of land management,revitalize the land elements,but also lead to the "non-grain" and"non-agricultural" use of land.Therefore,it is necessary to dialectically judge the gains and losses of farmers’ interests in the transformation of land use methods.On the other hand,change the form of labor organization from peasant self-command to capital command.The agricultural production efficiency under the command of capital can not only be improved because capital uses modern methods to transform traditional agriculture,extend the industrial chain,and solve the shortage of funds,but it will also be reduced because of difficulties in supervision,labor difficulties,and "de-embedding" due to external problems.Farmers’ interests can be enhanced by the degree of organization,specialization,and marketization,and farmers’ interests can be damaged or even threatened because of the small-scale farmers’ substitution effect and labor crowding-out effect.The talent element is subjective,and it is necessary to guide talents to be embedded in the countryside in a reasonable and orderly manner with institutional arrangements.On the one hand,the embedding of talent elements can improve the organization and marketization of farmers,make farmers have more voice and agility in the face of the market,and promote the upgrading of agricultural production methods.From the perspective of production mode,the production efficiency of agricultural labor has been improved.On the other hand,talent embedding improves land use efficiency by promoting economic and green utilization of land.Data element embedding realizes the development of precision agriculture,green agriculture and standard agriculture through data-based decision-making,data-based supervision,and data-based management,thereby transforming agricultural production methods.At the same time,it will promote the emergence of new agricultural products and new models and optimize the internal structure of the agricultural industry,thereby promoting the transformation and upgrading of the agricultural industry structure.For rural production relations,it transforms farmers from producers into producers and operators,innovates the paradigm of farmers’ personal interests,and at the same time realizes digital upgrades to rural infrastructure,public services,and ecological and environmental protection,and promotes changes in farmers’ lifestyles.As a result,the willingness of rural population to transfer has been reduced due to the increase in rural pull,and the transfer concept has also shown the characteristics of autonomy,which has changed the one-way trend of population flow from rural to urban,reduced the outflow of rural population to a certain extent,and increased the number of urban residents.The return of talents is conducive to the rational distribution of urban and rural population.Therefore,the comprehensive effect of the embedded factor of derivative production is summarized,which mainly includes the following aspects.Firstly,the embedding of derivative production factors has led to the transformation of rural power structure.The embedding of derivative production factors makes the organizational form of labor change from the self-directed labor of farmers—the cooperative labor of simple cooperation among laborers—the combined labor of division of labor and cooperation under the organization of professional cooperatives,to the combined labor of a higher level.Correspondingly,the combination of land and labor is changed from combination-separation-recombination to a higher-level combination,thus fundamentally changing the combination of rural basic production factors.Secondly,the embedding of derivative production factors triggers changes in rural productivity.There are three ways to change productivity:the embedding of derivative production factors improves labor productivity by changing the way of labor organization,improves the efficiency of land use by changing the way of land use,and improves the total factor productivity by changing the way of agricultural production.Thirdly,the embedding of derivative production factors triggers the adjustment of rural production relations.The positive effects of the embedding of derivative production factors on production relations include:changing the concept of production and the market,changing the way of labor organization,improving the income level of farmers,and promoting the modernization of lifestyle.The negative effect is mainly due to the different adaptability or utilization ability of farmers to factor embedding,which leads to further differentiation among rural residents and further increase of income level,that is,there is an invisible "threshold" for the use of derivative production factors.For farmers with high ability and literacy,the embedding of derivative production factors is a good opportunity to get rid of poverty and become rich,but it may also lead to more complex conflicts between workers and peasants,physical and mental labor,and urban and rural areas.Fourthly,the urban-rural dual structure is rooted in the solidification of the traditional rural dynamic structure,and derivative production factors must be embedded to break through the solidified deadlock.Our country’s rural areas have long been driven by the combination of basic elements of"self-directed labor+land",but the solidified dynamic structure has been unable to effectively promote the further development and revitalization of the countryside.In the process of embedding,policy design is carried out to exert the positive effect of embedding and curb the negative effect of embedding.