| Juveniles have been the largest population of internet users and therefore their deviant behaviors in virtual world are expected to be investigated.As an important part of general connotation of crime,juveniles’ cyber deviance could do plenty of invisible harm for society even compared with traditional crime or street delinquency.If considering the macro contexts of increasing trend regarding juveniles’ mental-health problem,the social harmfulness would be sharply expanded further.In fact,common empirical patterns focusing on single or separated theory of criminology which conducted for a long time in the past,for instance,the “general explaining model” or “parallel explaining model”,ignored internal mechanism of delinquency or juveniles’ deviance in some degrees.How to integrate multiple hypotheses of deviance from higher hierarchy based on literature reviews,furthermore,how to test pluralistic theories systematically and construct moderating or mediating models through scientific design and statistical method are of great practical significance to clarify the argument between mainstream criminological theories and the empirical logic of juveniles’ deviance in China.Taking the influencing factors of mainstream criminological theories regarding juveniles’ cyber deviance as core frameworks,this study utilized mixed-method design of sequential explanatory strategy that combined qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis to examine effects of social bond theory,self-control theory,differential association theory,social learning theory,and lifestyle-routine activities theory on juveniles’ cyber deviance comprehensively.Applying the principle of snowball sampling,semi-structured interviews were conducted with full-time teachers and students from a higher vocational college in Hebei province.NVivo 12 plus software was utilized to preliminarily understand the main forms of cyber deviance with word frequency analysis,and meanwhile,we utilized reflexive thematic analysis to induce the dimensions of reasons which may cause individuals to commit cyber-deviance behaviors or encounter cyber-deviance victimization.After that,this study conducted a pre-research with sampling of 1377 students of grade-3 in the interviewing-data collected school.Social network analysis was used to draw a diagram of cyber deviance social situations of pre-researching samples by R-language software,which aimed to grasp the universality of cyber deviance among juveniles,to understand the social situations of them,and to test the effectiveness of sensitive items in questionnaires.Finally,based on qualitative data obtained from interviews,this study selected mainstream questionnaires with better applicability in Chinese contexts that could cover the current widespread of juveniles’ cyber deviance as interviewees mentioned earlier,and investigated 8797 juveniles in Hebei,Shandong and Zhejiang provinces by purposive cluster sampling principle.Ten main hypotheses of “single theoretical model” and“integrated theoretical model” were tested through structural equation model with sampling of8797 juveniles by using Mplus 8.0,and then we examined moderating and mediating effects with single-slope method,Johnson-Neyman method and bootstrapping method by using Spss24.0,which attempted to comprehensively reveal the differences and internal mechanisms in relative affecting paths.The results of qualitative analysis showed that:(1)Cyber verbal abuse,improper speech,and browsing pornography were the top-three types of cyber-deviance behaviors,while being insulted,intimidated,and privacy disclosure were the top-three types of cyber-deviance victimization.(2)Individuality,family system,peer association,college management,and social environment are common dimensions of reasons for cyber-deviance behaviors and victimization.The results of “single theoretical model” in quantitative analysis showed that:(1)Social bond and its dimensions of attachment and belief have significant negative effects on cyberdeviance behaviors and victimization.(2)Low-self control and its dimensions of impulsivity,risk-seeking,self-centred and temperament have significant positive effects on cyber-deviance behaviors and victimization.(3)Differential association and its dimensions of peer truancy,peer fighting,peer drinking and peer illegality have significant positive effects on cyber-deviance behaviors and victimization.(4)Social learning and its dimensions of online differential association,imitation,differential reinforcement and definition have significant positive effects on cyber-deviance behaviors and victimization.(5)Risky lifestyle has a significant positive effect on cyber-deviance victimization.The results of “integrated theoretical model” in quantitative analysis showed that:(1)Low self-control has a significant mediating effect on the relationship between social bond and cyber-deviance behaviors,indicating that the decrease of social bond will lead to a direct decrease on the level of self-control,which indirectly increases the occurring possibility of juveniles’ cyber-deviance behaviors;(2)Differential association has a significant mediating effect on the relationship between low self-control and cyber-deviance behaviors,indicating that the decrease of self-control will lead to a direct increase on the level of deviant peer association,which indirectly increases the occurring possibility of juveniles’ cyber-deviance behaviors;(3)The ‘process explaining model’ of social learning on cyber-deviance behaviors correspond with theoretical hypothesis.Imitation,differential reinforcement and definition are significant multiple mediators on the relationship between online differential association and cyberdeviance behaviors,indicating that the more deviant peers online juveniles possessed,the level of deviant imitation for cyber deviance,wrong perception of expected rewards for cyber deviance,and subjective identification and neutralization for cyber deviance would be higher simultaneously,and juveniles’ cyber-deviance behaviors would be more serious indirectly.(4)Social learning plays a significant mediator on the relationship between social bond and cyberdeviance behaviors,and the relationship between low self-control and cyber-deviance behaviors respectively,indicating that weak social bond and low self-control of juveniles could increase their vulnerability to negative learning cultures online,thereby increasing the probability of occurrence for cyber-deviance behaviors.(5)The chain mediating and moderating model of juveniles’ cyber-deviance victimization corresponds with theoretical hypotheses,indicating that lower social control reduces the level of self-control,which improves the probability of sticking into online risky lifestyle,in turn leading to higher level of cyber-deviance victimization.Meanwhile,online and offline deviant association could significantly moderate all paths in the chain mediating and moderating model of juveniles’ cyber-deviance victimization.According to above conclusions,the current study proposed suggestions from two aspects by considering “integrated theoretical model”,which aimed to address both the symptoms and the root causes of the problem.In the aspect of cyber-deviance behaviors’ correcting,attention should be paid to strengthen social bonds,to improve levels of self-control,to cultivate selfregulation awareness,to purify offline peer-circles,to avoid online deviant association,imitation,reinforcement and identification,to shape social control and social support system for reducing social learning effect;In the aspect of cyber-deviance victimization’s preventing,it is necessary to adhere to the systematic concept of multiple risky factors and self-protection,to weaken accumulated ecological risks,and to construct an victimization preventing system among family,colleges and internet.Through concrete suggestions aforementioned,the ultimate goal of this dissertation is to reduce cyber deviance in current human society. |
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