| Autonomy has experienced a continuous evolution from village autonomy to villager autonomy,and a historical leap from naturally endogenous autonomy to state constructed autonomy.The core and goal of modern state construction is to transform a discrete peasant society with the characteristics of natural community into a process of establishing an organic political community with the state through the input and integration of the state’s will.With the construction of grass-roots governance system and the modernization of grass-roots governance capacity,the importance of grass-roots governance in national governance is self-evident,and grass-roots autonomy is not only an important content of grass-roots governance,but also an important way to realize people’s democracy in the whole process.In the context of today’s state construction,the construction of grass-roots autonomy is an indispensable link.What are the differences between the autonomy constructed by the modern state and the natural endogenous autonomy,what problems exist in the autonomy constructed by the modern state,and how to analyze and solve these problems are all contents that need to be further discussed.State construction is not only a unilateral act of the state as the subject,but a result of the long-term interaction between the state and society.China has a vast territory.From the perspective of geographical environment,it has formed different geographical regions,and from the perspective of social and historical conditions,it has also formed different social regions.The background and characteristics of different regions determine that the path of China’s modern state construction may not be completely unified in various places,but the combination of unified nationalization and special locality.Taking the minority villages in Guizhou Province in Southwest China as an example,through in-depth field investigation on the origin and formation,economic form,social form,cultural form and governance form of Buyi villages,this paper finds that there are a large number of village self-government practices in the traditional period,including social life autonomy and economic production autonomy.It is found that the Buyi village belongs to the social form of village system with overlapping blood and geography.This social form has a natural basis of autonomy,which is embodied in:blood groups as the main body of autonomy,natural villages as the autonomous unit,and village rules and regulations as the rules of autonomy.This paper explores how the naturally endogenous village autonomy in the traditional period has evolved into the villager autonomy constructed by the state today.It mainly analyzes the connotation of autonomy,including the subject and ability of autonomy,the form and system of autonomy,the scope and content of autonomy.Firstly,this paper expounds the local background of Buyi villages in Southwest China,which has a deep tradition of village autonomy,the social form of village system and the active nationalization characteristics of Buyi Ethnic Minority.Secondly,it mainly describes the evolution process of autonomy in three stages:the traditional period(1912-1948),the period from the founding of the People’s Republic of China to collectivization(1949-1977),and after reform and opening up(1978-2018).In the traditional period,Anjin village has formed three levels and patterns of autonomy:family autonomy,family house branch autonomy and village autonomy,with the village elders as the core,the elders as the link and the parents as the basic subject.Anjin village takes the collective consultation of the villagers and the main decisions made by the village elders as the main form of autonomy,and takes the habits formed by families and villages such as clan rules,family precepts and village rules and regulations as the autonomous system.The scope of village autonomy takes natural villages as the basic unit,and the content of village autonomy includes basic public affairs,sacrificial public affairs and defensive public affairs.In the period of collectivization,a pattern of high state involvement and low autonomy of villages was formed.The state has successively implemented the work team system,Peasant association and the collectivization system in rural areas.Based on the power of the state and the power of the people’s commune,the "three level ownership" was established.The state shapes the class consciousness of the villagers through the land reform,shapes the new collective consciousness of mutual aid groups,primary cooperatives and senior cooperatives by re dividing units,and shapes the national consciousness by encouraging the villagers to join the cooperatives and become members.After the reform and opening up,villagers are the legal autonomy subject.Villages have formed various forms of conventional organizations such as villagers’committees,supervision committees and villagers’ groups.Autonomy according to law,procedural autonomy and party led autonomy are the main forms of autonomy.The scope of autonomy is a collective village formed by multiple villages,and the content of autonomy is mainly the construction of public facilities and ethnic culture in multiple villages.Through the research,this paper draws the following conclusions:first,the southwest region has a deep tradition of village autonomy under the social form of village system.By bringing the micro social form into the study of modern state governance,we can find different and unique construction paths of the state in local areas.Second,in the southwest region,the village community has affected the construction path and process of the country to varying degrees in different stages,and it is found that the way,path and result of national integration are different due to the differences of the nature of local social autonomy.Finally,the paper discusses that with the evolution of autonomy,we should pay attention to the construction of grass-roots autonomy from the perspective of modern state construction,as well as the difficulties and problems encountered in the development of grass-roots autonomy,such as the gradual reduction of autonomy space and the problems that the villagers’autonomy ability needs to be improved.It is proposed that the countryside still needs a certain autonomy space,the rural autonomy system and system still need to be further constructed and improved,the villagers’ autonomy ability still needs to be cultivated and improved,and the relationship between national construction,villagers’ autonomy and grass-roots governance still needs to be studied and discussed.The future research on villagers’ autonomy should not only pay attention to the construction of modern state,but also pay attention to the social foundation on which villagers’autonomy depends. |
