Subidentity:the Construction Of Aristocratic Manorial Rule In Tibet

Manor once existed for a long time in Western European countries and became a typical ruling unit.However,in the historical changes of China,a regional manor entity,namely Tibetan Manor,has also emerged.On the whole,the manor is an entity in which the feudal lord used coercive power to cruelly exploit the serfs.The rule under the dual identities of the feudal lord and the serf is the basic political structure of the manor.However,the rule of Tibetan manor shows distinctive Chinese characteristics,that is,the serf status of Tibetan manor is subdivided into four sub-identities:Chaiba,Duiqiong,Maganghu,and Nangsheng.So how did it construct the manor rule?Based on the investigation of Chikang Village,Jiama Township,Mozhugongka County,Lhasa City,Tibet Autonomous Region,this article discusses the governance construction of Jiama Chikang,a noble manor,and constructs a theoretical analysis framework of "sub-identity" to explain Tibet.The construction logic and process of aristocratic manor rule.From a comparative perspective,Tibet’s ruling construction is different from Western European countries.There are significant differences in the land enclave relationship,the ruling network and the relationship between manor masters and slaves,and there are natural defects in ruling costs,ruling pressure and ruling penetration.The "sub-identity" was created by the local government in Tibet to compensate for these shortcomings,and its classification criteria were mainly based on the difference in the ability of the serfs to support them:first,the sub-identity when the support ability level was high was "Chaiba";The sub-identity with the intermediate level of support is "Duiqiong" or"Maganghu";third,the sub-identity with the lowest level of support is "Nangsheng".The sub-identity was embedded in the manor’s production system,and matched with the differential labor of different intensity and pressure,to achieve the best of people’s ability,to achieve the greatest degree of exploitation of the value of serf labor,and to consolidate the economic foundation of manor rule.After long-term development and accumulation,the serfs of different sub-identities gradually differentiated,and these differentiations are concretely presented as differences in vested interests.These vested interests are the basis for the survival of serfs.However,this vested interest lacks the effective guarantee of formal rules,and accepts the protection of informal rules constructed by the personal will of the manor nobles.This makes the vested interests of serfs an interest that can be violated by the manor nobles at any time,which in turn makes the serfs do Maintaining the security of their own interests and choosing to actively submit to the manor promoted the establishment of the legitimacy of manor rule.At the same time,the differences in vested interests have led to political divisions between different sub-identities.In order to protect their own interests,the "Chaiba" sub-identity class with larger vested interests became active defenders of the manor nobles."Duiqiong" and "Maganghu" have relatively few vested interests,and they are in a neutral attitude.They do not cater to or resist the manor nobles.As an unprofitable sub-identity class,"Nangsheng" is weak and always facing With the threat of survival,they can only choose forced obedience.As a result,the manor nobles not only completed the construction of the manor rule,but also infiltrated the ruling power along the sub-identity path,thus ensuring the stability of the manor rule.Therefore,"sub-identity" greatly consolidated the economic foundation of manor rule,effectively dismantled the serf community,realized the penetration of manor rule power and the establishment of legitimacy,and became the main path for manor rule construction.This is significantly different from the construction of manor rule in Western Europe.This is exactly the innovation of this article.Based on the construction of the "sub-identity" theory,the author attempts to establish an analytical framework for the Chinese manor system in order to contribute theoretical increments and tell the Chinese story well.