The Land Development And Social Changes During The Middle And Late Period In Lalin River Basin Of Qing Dynasty

In the Qing dynasty,because of the special geographical location by the rise of Manchuria,the Northeast was strictly protected from exploitation,especially the Qianlong dynasty.However,under the circumstances,the land of Lalin River basin has been extensively cultivated for various reasons.Located in the upper and middle reach of Songhua River,the Lalin River is a fertile area with a dense network of rivers and fertile soil,which close to the significant political and military town such as Alachuka,Bodune,Jilinwula and so on.In order to solve the livelihood problem of Jingqi in the Qianlong period,the Jingqi returned to reclaimed land in Lalin,which led to the initial development of the local land.Later,the areas of land reclamation continues to expand by the reclamation of Shuangchengbao and Bodune.The land in the Lalin River basin has been used and developed more effectively since the ban was lifted in the Northeast of China in 1860.At the same time,the mode of land occupation has changed greatly,and the amount of Civil-lands has gradually appeared and increased,by the end of the Qing dynasty,many Flag-lands had been turned into Civil-lands.The development of land attracted an influx of people,under the influence of natural disasters and man-made disasters,people from Zhili and Shandong continue to flow to the Northeast,and then arrived along the Lalin River.At first,the refugees mostly work as farm helpers,but some of them also become to landlords by work hard,so attracting more residents from other places to“Rush to the Northeast”.The change of population caused the change of social structure in Lalin River basin.Due to its inherent defects,the original administrative system by both Flag and Civil’s Office gradually lost its effective control over the local society,the social order and economic production in the Lalin River basin were greatly impacted and destroyed during the period of “Northeast Uprising” in Xianfeng and Tongzhi dynasty.Led the problem of bandits continued to plague the area for many years afterwards.In view of this,the government carried out official system reform one after another in Guangxu dynasty,then added many civil administration agencies to strengthen local control.With the power expansion of the civil administration,the administrative system by both Flag and Civil’s Office gradually changed to the civil administration system,and a unified civil administration system has been take shape.With the increase amounts of areas by cultivated land and the steady development of agriculture,the quantity of agricultural products increased gradually.The grain produced could satisfy not only the local needs,but also the processing and trans-shipment.The region has changed from a place of grain import to a place of grain export.In Shuangcheng area,its merchandise rate of grain ranking first in Jilin province.With the development of agriculture and the increase merchandise rate of grain,industry and commerce flourished.The construction and use of railroads made it easier for commercial transportation,the commodity has been flourished.At this time,the cities and towns which were been the military and political centers also undertake economic functions,then many new towns with economic functions as the center appeared.They were mostly located in the key areas of water and land transportation,and formed radiation to the surrounding economy,traditional border towns gradually internalized and modernized.Population is the carrier of culture,in the process of migration by such big population will bring many habits and customs and beliefs from the original place of residence.After more than 100 years of development,the cultures of Manchu and Han continue to blend,the cultural customs also permeating each other,then formed a different,man-han integration regional culture gradually.It is worth noting,the migrants is highly arbitrary and undisciplined during the process of migration,which was a potential crisis for the stability of the social state.After arriving at the Lalin River basin,many immigrants cut down trees,burned and abandoned land to make ends meet,destroying the local vegetation and natural environment,and even risking their lives to become bandits,which poses a huge problem for the local security.But in any case,land development and the influx of people have brought fresh blood and hope to the Lalin River basin,which is located in the desolate frontier.After more than 100 years of hard development,the process of social internalization in the Lalin River basin continues to accelerate.