| The Research of Kong Guangsen’s Spring and Autumn Annals takes his book The Interpretation of the Gongyang Scriptures and Texts as the main object of study,and discusses the inheritance relationship between Kong Guangsen and Gongyang of the Han Dynasty,the inheritance relationship between the teacher’s approach and the master’s method,the new establishment of “Three disciplines and Nine decrees”,and the interpretation of the ritual of Gongyang by the group of classics.In this paper,the key issues and the characteristics of Kong Guangsen’s Spring and Autumn Annals are analyzed and expounded by the theory of interpreting classics by meaning,interpreting classics by example and interpreting classics by rites,and the ideological background and academic path of his Spring and Autumn Studies are revealed.Kong Guangsen and his The Interpretation of the Gongyang Scriptures and Texts were the first Gongyang works published in the Qing Dynasty.Although they were criticized by the later scholars for not following the master’s rules of Gongyang,in fact,Kong Guangsen was the first scholar in the Qing Dynasty to reunify the Gongyang system of the Han Dynasty.In the preface of his book,Kong Guangsen made a clear determination and judgment on the teacher’s and master’s rules of the whole Han Dynasties.Kong Guangsen took Hu Wusheng and Dong Zhongshu of the Western Han Dynasty as the first teachers of Gongyang,and thought Hu and Dong Zhi’s learning was outstanding and credible.Meanwhile,in order to obey HU Wusheng’s regulations,KONG Guangsen also adopted the attitude of accepting and absorbing He Xiu’s Exegesis,but this acceptance and absorbing was reserved.Because Kong Guangsen was very dissatisfied with all kinds of sycophantic and absurd theories prevailing in the Eastern Han Dynasty,He Xiu’s Exegesis of the similar theories were eliminated by him.The way and style of The Interpretation of the Gongyang Scriptures and Texts is not in the strict sense of annotation,but similar to the form of “supplementary annotation”.Therefore,when writing the book,Kong Guangsen inherited the interpretation of He Xiu’s Exegesis,but in fact made some choices.Taking Dong Zhongshu as a reference,the number of quotations from He Xiu’s Exegesis in Kong’s book is far more than Dong Zhongshu’s Fanlu.Kong’s choice between Dong Zhongshu and He Xiu is embodied in two aspects: “Dong and He takes both” and “Dong is the main one”.It mainly includes the following categories: quoting Dong Zhongshu’s point of view to extend and invent He Xiu;When Dong Zhongshu and He Xiu interpreted scripture from different angles and there was no conflict,he kept their views together;He adopted Dong Zhongshu’s opinion on some unexplained biographies in He Xiu’s Exegesis;In view of part of He Xiu’s mistake,he refutes it with Dong Zhongshu’s viewpoint.Kong Guangsen’s “Three disciplines and Nine decrees” is not a false creation,but a new interpretation based on the inheritance of academic methods in the Han Dynasty.Among them,“Three disciplines” were taken from Dong Zhongshu,and “Nine decrees”were taken from Song Jun.Kong Guangsen created a new “Three subjects and Nine decrees” and elevated “human feelings” to the status of “imperial decrees” in the Spring and Autumn Annals,because of his grasp of the spirit of The Times.Since the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties,it has become a popular trend to attach importance to “human sentiment” and “human desire”.Kong Guangsen,as a scholar of Gongyang with pragmatic spirit,incorporated the thought of “human sentiment” into the theoretical framework of “Three subjects and Nine contents” in Gongyang,which shows the sensitivity and innovation of his thought.Through the interconnection of “human kindness” with “heavenly way” and “King’s law”,Kong Guangsen regarded revering the heavenly way,maintaining the governing way and cleaning up people’s hearts as his response to the proposition in his time.Therefore,the Three disciplines of “heavenly way”,“King’s law” and “human kindness” became the core of Kong’s inseparable theoretical system.In this sense,both the old “Three disciplines and Nine decrees” of Confucian scholars of the Han Dynasty and the new “Three disciplines and Nine decrees” of Kong Guangsen are the embodiment of the character of Gongyang.Kong Guangsen annotated the rites of the Gongyang by referring to numerous books and theories.In the aspect of literature quotation,he searched the classics,history,and other books extensively,not confined to the restrictions of Western Han school and Eastern Han school,nor stuck to the limitations of the teachers and masters.Although enumerates the various theories,he can also distinguish and select.First of all,when it comes to “making for Han”,“replacing Zhou Dynasty with Lu”,“changing the age and title” and other new rules or rules of the Spring and Autumn Annals,Kong Guangsen often rejects the opinions of He Xiu and others,and instead makes explanations from the perspective of “Zhou Dynasty’s system” or “Zhou Dynasty’s rites”.To some extent,this practice dispelled the nature of Sage’s making and reduced it to the original meaning of the rites made by the duke of Zhou.Secondly,Kong Guangsen corrected the impropriety of He Xiu’s commentary on Gongyang,and elaborated on the ritual system involved in Gongyang,so that the ritual system involved in Gongyang presented a more complete form,and paid attention to the introduction of ritual disputes and the retention of different theories,showing the richness of various scriptures and righteousness.Finally,Kong Guangsen also took the rites as a measure to measure the rule of the world,observing the rise and fall of the world through observing or violating the rites,and Gongyang would also change the rites according to the social conditions and human feelings. |
