A Study On The Development Of Trade Exprortation In Suiyuan And ?aqar Regions From The Perpetive Of Tianjin Port Opening

This dissertation explores the development process of export-oriented trade in modern Suiyuan and ?aqar regions from the perspective of Tianjin port opening.It uses the theory of export-oriented trade in development economics to discuss the export-oriented trend of the development of local trade in modern Inner Mongolia under the influence of the opening of Tianjin ports.This dissertation conducts a comprehensive study on the externalization of commercial trade in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia in modern times,including various factors,internal and external conditions,and causes and effects.The dissertation draws on and references related studies at home and abroad and integrates multiple disciplines such as economics,statistics,and geography.The historical literature method is adopted along with the theoretical and methodological approaches from various disciplines.The dissertation has three parts: introduction,main body,and conclusion.The introduction explains the reason for selecting the topic,the overview and commentary of relevant research,the application of basic historical materials,research content and methods,basic concept analysis,and the innovation of the dissertation.The main body of the dissertation consists of four chapters.The first chapter mainly discusses the background conditions for the rise and development of commercial trade in the Suiyuan and ?aqar regions and the development of commercial trade in the Suiyuan and ?aqar regions in the early and mid-Qing Dynasty.The Qing Dynasty unified the north and south of the Great Wall,ended the war,and established the system of alliance and banner,providing a stable political environment for the development of commercial trade across Mongolia.The setting of transportation post roads provided a transportation guarantee for merchants’ movement and goods’ transportation.Rich product resources provided realizable conditions for commodity exchange with the outside world.Merchants’ active commercial and trade activities gradually formed commodity exchange markets and commodity circulation networks.The opening and long-term operation of the Qing-Russian border trade promoted the development of entrepot trade in the Suiyuan and ?aqar regions.With the social and historical changes in Mongolia in the early and mid-Qing Dynasty,the Suiyuan and ?aqar regions maintained continuous commercial and trade exchanges with the mainland.Their commercial and trade activities were mainly confined to the domestic trade market network.Compared with the opening of Tianjin port in the late 19 th century,the overall development trend of trade in the Suiyuan and ?aqar regions remained inward-oriented.The second chapter mainly discusses the external environment and development stages of the export-oriented trade in the Suiyuan and ?aqar regions.The opening of Tianjin port,the political changes in Karka Mongolia,and the world economic crisis were the main external factors that affected the development of trade export-oriented in Suiyuan and ?aqar regions in modern times.After the opening of Tianjin port,the Tianjin port and its secondary and tertiary markets radiating from the Suiyuan and?aqar regions jointly constructed a market network of export-oriented trade in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia in modern times.Since then,Suiyuan and ?aqar regions have not only existed as transit markets for local trade between the mainland and Mongolia as before the opening of ports and commerce,but also as sources and distribution centers for exporting local specialty resources in foreign trade.The changes in the political situation of Karka Mongolia and the world economic crisis have caused a crisis in the supply and demand of local specialty resources in the markets of the Suiyuan and ?aqar regions,which has seriously affected the export-oriented development of trade in the Suiyuan and ?aqar regions.In the Qing Dynasty,Karka Mongolia has always been the main source of local specialty resources in the markets of the Sui and Cha regions.After the establishment of the Republic of China,with the changes in the political situation of Karka Mongolia,the commercial exchanges between the markets of Suiyuan and Cha har regions and Karka Mongolia have gradually been interrupted.The supply of local specialty resources from Karka Mongolia has also been cut off,which has affected the commercial trade in Suiyuan and ?aqar regions to a low ebb.The world economic crisis that originated in the United States from 1929 to 1933 involved China,which had already become a source of raw material supply and commodity dumping for capitalist countries during the world economic crisis.The demand for imported commodities and goods in capitalist countries in the storm of the world economic crisis decreased sharply.The stagnation of overseas markets led to a sharp decline in the prices of many bulk local specialties mainly exported as sales channels in the Suiyuan and ?aqar regional markets,The decrease in demand for export of local specialties has severely hit the export-oriented development of trade in Suiyuan and ?aqar regions once again after the decrease in the supply of goods in Karka Mongolia.The third chapter mainly discusses the operational factors of commodity markets,such as merchants,businesses,commodity distribution,and transportation,in the development of outward trade in the Suiyuan and ?aqar regions.Firstly,it analyzes the main role of various merchants and merchants in the export of local specialty resources and the import of foreign and foreign goods in the process of outward trade development in the Suiyuan and ?aqar regions,with each town as the central commercial stronghold;Secondly,it analyzes the distribution of various local specialties exported through the Tianjin port in Suiyuan and ?aqar regions after the opening of Tianjin port,as well as the import and transit of foreign goods and foreign goods;Finally,it analyzes the constraints of traditional transportation conditions in Suiyuan and ?aqar regions on the development of outward trade in the early days of port opening and trade,and investigates the market competition and market linkage in the regional markets of Suiyuan and ?aqar regions caused by the improvement of transportation conditions since modern times,especially after the 20 th century.The fourth chapter mainly discusses the development of export-oriented trade and economic and social changes in the Suiyuan and ?aqar regions in modern times.The development of outward trade in the Suiyuan and ?aqar regions has affected local economic and social customs.First,foreign firms and merchants have extended their business reach into the markets of the Suiyuan and ?aqar regions.Second,the development of export-oriented trade has prompted restructuring banking cooperatives into trade associations and chambers of commerce.Third,the turbulence in foreign trade has promoted the establishment of new industries.Fourth,the development of export-oriented trade has promoted the opening of "self-opening commercial ports." Fifth,changes occurred in some living customs of residents in the commercial circle.Last,the new material lifestyle has gradually penetrated the material lives of residents.The conclusion illustrates the author’s views,conclusions,and some implications for developing foreign trade in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia today.