A Research On The Usage Of The Characters In The Medical Books Of The Bamboo Slips And Silk

Medicine is a course relating to people’s livelihood on a large scale,and the medical books usued on traditional Chinese medicine are particularly noted.Numerous medical documents have been presented to us once unearthed.Up to now,several batches of bamboo slips and silk released to public have recorded contents which deal with medicine.The paper targets the usage of words in the research materials unveiled from these five batches of medicine books,namely,prescriptions carved on Zhou Jiatai’s bamboo slips prescriptions and other items dating back to the Qin Dynasty,medical literature from Zhang Jiashan’s grave in the Han Dynasty and Ma Wangdui Han Dynasty Tomb,Wan Wu and Wu Wei’s medical bamboo slips of Han dynasty.Meanwhile,the language database of medical documents lays a solid foundation to the figures appearing in my essay.The concept about the usage of words mainly refers to the number of the words and the ways they are used.The numbers and application of Chinese characters compose the body of their history.In the process of analysis and research of these signs,we can have a clear picture of their characteristics and expressions,explore how they evolved through the ages,and predict their trend in the near future.The body of the paper consists of 6 chapters and 7 appendixes.The main contents are as follows.Chapter1,introduction.Above all,The paper makes a brief introduction of these five batches of books,which mainly covers the occasion when they were unearthed on the spot,their losses and recorded contents.Furthermore,a detailed description over the researching achievements.One,It describes the present situation of the interpretation and collation of the five batches of medical books.Two,the research on current issues involves how these different types of words were applied and how often they were used.These types include the relationship between the characters and the words,the word frequency,the variant Chinese characters,the borrowed characters,the ancient and modern graphs,the wrong and inappropriate characters,the compound words in Chinese.And then,the paper talkes about the significance,train of thought and approaches of this research.Lastly,It draws a clear and basic outline on how to put these medical words into use,including the general usage of characters,the special usage of characters.Chapter2,the study on the relationship between the characters and the words of the medical books of the bamboo slips and silk.Chinese characters are symbols used to record Chinese,and the relationship between the characters and the words is one of the aspects of the study on the usage of the Chinese characters.At first,the paper classifies the relationship between the characters and the words in the medical books.The relationship between them in medical books can be divided into three categories: one character records one word and one word is recorded by one character,one character records several words,and several characters record one word,and each category is divided into several subcategories.Furthermore,this paper generally describes the relationship between the characters and the words of the five batches of medical books of the bamboo slips and silk,and gives examples for each kind and makes analyses.Finally,the article explores the characteristics and the causes of the relationship between the characters and the words in the medical books.Chapter3,the study on the word frequency of the medical books of the bamboo slips and silk.The word frequency is the usage frequency of Chinese characters.The are 2482 Words without repetition in the five medical books,and the frequency of usage is up to a total of32,152 times.First of all,according to the research methods of the book Study on the character frequency of Shi Ji written by Mr Li Bo,on the basis of the corpus of the medical books,the medical character table is builded,and then a calculation is made on the basis of the medical character data.As a result,there are seven kinds of important data calculated: the serial number of the 2482 characters,the percentage of the characters,the frequency,the coverage ratio of one character,the number of cumulative usage of the characters,the cumulative coverage ratio of the characters,the multiple of the average frequency.Then the paper introduces the seven terms one by one,and discusses the main standard of the division of the areas of the characters,namely taking the cumulative coverage ratio of the characters as the main basis,and refering to these data such as the number of the total words,the frequency,the multiple of the average frequency.This paper takes the cumulative coverage ratio of the characters 50%,90% and 100% as the three segmentation points,dividing 2482 characters into the high frequency character area,the intermediate frequency character area,the low frequency character area,and the characters appearing only once in the low frequency characters zone are divided into the one time area.Then the four areas are analyzed and studied respectively.This paper mainly describes the general situation of each words area and analyzes the usage characteristics of each word in every area.Finally,the paper analyzes the characteristics and causes of the frequency of characters in the medical books.Chapter4,the study on the variant Chinese characters of the medical books of the bamboo slips and silk.First of all,the paper defines the variant Chinese characters,and the so-called variant Chinese characters refer to the different characters whose original functions are to record the same word in the same writing system,but the structure or writing of them are different.This article sorts out the variant Chinese characters from the angle of "several characters are different from each other",that is to say,the article is to make a comprehensive arrangement of the different shapes of one character in the five groups of medical books.Then the paper distinguishs and analyzes the relationship between the variant Chinese characters and the usage phenomenon of the characters,such as the borrowed characters,the ancient and modern graphs,the popular characters,the traditional and simplified Chinese characters,the wrong and inappropriate characters and so on.And then,the variant Chinese characters are divided into three categories: the characters with different structures,the different writting characters and the comprehensive kind,and the three categories are divided into several smaller categories.Finally,the paper analyzes the characteristics and causes of the formation of the different shaps of one character in the five medical books.Chapter5,the study on the borrowed characters of the medicine books of the bamboo slips and silk.Above all,the borrowing of character is definited.In this paper,the so-called "borrowing of character " is a phenomenon in written language of ancient Chinese,and characters with the same or similar pronunciation are borrowed to express meanings.Then the borrowed characters are classified.From the perspective of phonetics,The borrowed characters can be divided into four categories:the same initial consonant of a Chinese syllable and rhyme department,the similar initial consonant of a Chinese syllable and the same rhyme department,the same initial consonant of a Chinese syllable and the similar rhyme department,the similar initial consonant of a Chinese syllable and rhyme department.From the perspective of the forms of characters,the borrowed characters can be divided into six categories:the borrowed character contains the original character,the original character contains the borrowed character,the phonetic elements of the borrowed character and the original character are the same,the meaning elements of the borrowed character and the original character are the same,the borrowed character and the original character have no relationship in forms,and the others.Then the paper gives a general introduction to the borrowed characters,and in each category,an example is given to analyze.Finally,the paper analyzes the characteristics and causes of the usage of the borrowed characters in the medical books.Chapter6,the study on the other phenomena of the usage of Chinese characters of the medical books of the bamboo slips and silk.The other phenomena of using characters include the ancient and modern graphs,the wrong and inappropriate characters and the usage of characters of the compound words in Chinese.Firstly,the study on the ancient and modern graphs.First of all,the ancient and modern graphs are defined.The previous sections have done research on the variant Chinese characters and the borrowed characters in the medical books.In order to avoid the repetition and crossover of concepts and word examples,"the ancient and modern graphs " in this paper is a relatively narrow concept,refering to the characters used before and later to differentiate the meanings of polysemous words.Based on the physical relationship between the ancient and modern graphs,they can be divided into four categories: the modern character increases component,the modern character reduces component,the modern character changes component,and the others.Finally,the paper analyzes the characteristics and formation reasons of the ancient and modern graphs in the medical books.Secondly,the study on the wrong and inappropriate characters.First of all,the wrong and inappropriate characters are defined,and the wrong and inappropriate characters in the medical book refers to the characters written by mistake.Then the wrong and inappropriate characters are divided into two kinds: the wrong and inappropriate characters because of similar forms,the wrong and inappropriate characters because of context,and all the character examples are listed.Finally,the paper analyzes the characteristics and causes of the wrong and inappropriate characters in the medical books.Thirdly,the study on the compound words in Chinese.First of all,the compound words in Chinese are defined.The compound words in Chinese are disyllabic words whose two syllables are linked together to express meanings,and the two syllables can not be separated.Then the compound words in Chinese are classified from the two aspects of usage of characters and phonetic relation.Finally,the paper analyzes the characteristics and causes of the compound words in Chinese in the medical books.The conclusion.The conclusion includs summarizing the research content and the main ideas of this paper,pointing out the Innovation points and shortcomings,and planning the research schemes in the future.The appendix.The seven appendices can be divided into two parts: one is the revision and supplement of the interpretation of words in the medical books of the bamboo slips and silk;the others are six tables corresponding to the study of the characters in the text,namely the studys of the character frequency,the variant chinese characters,the borrowed characters,the ancient and modern graphs,the wrong and inappropriate characters,and the compound words in Chinese.The main innovations of this paper:Firstly,this paper takes five medical books having been published of Qin and Han Dynasties as the research objects for the first time,and sorts out and classifies their characters as comprehensively as possible.Secondly,this paper finds that there are new forms of the compound words in Chinese,such as "萧(鷫)相(鷞)"(Su Shuang)、 "着(薯)(蔗)"(Zhu Zhe)、 "(蛅)斯(蟖)"(Zhan Si)、 "陵(藁)"(Ling Gao)、 "庆(蜣)良(螂)"(Qiang Lang)and so on.Thirdly,it is found that nouns of compound words in Chinese account for a very high proportion in the five medical books,and 87.23% of the compound words in Chinese are drug names.Fourthly,on the basis of the previous studies,the definition and identification criteria of the ancient and modern graphs are put forward,to solve the difficult problem of differentiation between the ancient and modern graphs and the borrowed characters in the comprehensive collation and study of specific documents.Fifthly,it puts forward the concept of "comprehensive variant chinese Characters ",and classifies the variant Chinese characters that have multiple heterogeneous ways or different writing ways in the five medical books into this category.Sixthly,it has solved some difficult problems in the interpretation of words in the five medical books,and made up the deficiency of the original interpretation to a certain extent.The main shortcomings of this paper:Firstly,the paper does not carry out the comparative study systematically,but only focuses on the closed research.Secondly,the theoretical level is not high.The main study plans for the future:The first is to study the medical books about to be published of the bamboo slips in time,and study the new and old medical books comprehensively.The second is to study the words and things in the five medical books.The third is to study the vitality research of the characters in the medical books of the five medical books.The fourth is to study the relationship between characters and words in the five medical books specially.The fifth is comparative study.The sixth is to compile the Dictionary of Characters used in the Medical Books of the Bamboo Slips and Silk.