| In the Spring and Autumn Period,"rites and music collapsed",political disorder.Each school of thought put forward their own thinking on this,Confucian political philosophy was centered on tracing the ideal Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties(which in fact laid the foundation of the Western Zhou Dynasty);Laozi used "small state and few people" to dispel the social and political theories."The world of supreme virtue"that Zhuangzi yearns for also has the characteristics of comical,vulgar and illusory.The Huang-Lao School,on the other hand,introduced the image of "Huang Emperor"to create a theoretical mode of thinking about political order,and triggered the formation and repeated reconstruction of the pedigree of "Three sovereigns and five emperors".In other words,Huang-Lao theory is a kind of theory of "Emperor’s Ruling Measures" corresponding to "King’s Ruling Measures",which takes solving practical social problems as the starting point.In Huang-Lao theory,Huang Emperor was a mind practitioner and a "Daoist".The existence of the Huang Emperor image means that "wise ruler" and "righteous king" were the direction of self-cultivation of the monarch,and the idealized "wise ruler" or "righteous king" was the embodiment of the concept of "Dao-Dharma".Since "righteous emperors" are the incarnations of"Tao",they also naturally possess the attributes and power of "Tao" projected into the world and everything.When implementing the measures of governing the country with "Xing-De",it is necessary to obey the "Tiandao",that is,the natural law that must be followed such as the operation law of heaven and earth and the universe,and to follow the trend according to the nature or "name" of all things,which is "Xing-Ming ".The transformation of "Tao" and "Dharma" in theory by Huang-Lao can not only make it possible to implement the "Tao" in form in the level of realistic politics and society,but also make the "Dharma" in reality have a certain universality and transcendence,so as to finally make the study of Laozi really become a practical and useful theory in Chinese politics,health thoughts and culture for more than two thousand years.The concept of "virtue" in Laozi and Zhuangzi is a kind of medium,such as "the intermediary of the relationship between Tao and things",which must exist in some relations.The "virtue" of Huang-Lao’s theory absorbs this point."Virtue" is not only the characteristic of "Tao" reflected in all things,but also the governing program of "Xuande" and "Mingde" reflected in the "relations between the king and the people" and the "relations between the the monarch and his ministers".At the same time,"virtue" is also reflected as a specific means of governance,meaning the reward and punishment.Thus it can be seen that it is the core content and theoretical feature of HuangLao’s political philosophy to expound "Tao of the emperor" through exploring "the meaning of morality".Huang-Lao talked more about the art of governance than the Confucians and Laozi and Zhuangzi,so it is no wonder that in the Han Shu the philosophy of Huang-Lao is classified as “the art of the emperor’s means of domination”.Huang-Lao has a unique spirit of thinking about ethical and political issues in a philosophical way.That is to say,it expounds its ethical,political and social thoughts in philosophical language.For example,the theoretical context in which the concepts or words of Tao,Virtue,Name and Law are constructed precisely presents the form and content of its political philosophy."Law" is one of the focuses of the Huang-Lao School of Taoism,but the Law they said is not out of worldly knowledge,nor is it rational in the general sense,because "Tao birthed law","law" is based on the "truth of Tao",from the "moral meaning".In other words,Huang-Lao talked a lot about the techniques of governing the country,but his political philosophy was essentially the manifestation of "Tao" rather than the application of "means of domination ".It can be seen that the political thought in Huang-Lao’s theory has a strong philosophical meaning,which is closely related to the core words of ancient Chinese philosophy such as "Tao" and "Virtue".At the same time,the philosophical thinking of Huang-Lao theory also has a strong political nature.Therefore,the discussion on the political thought of the Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor is actually a discussion on how the "political nature" and "philosophical nature" of Huang-Lao’s theory interact with each other.This paper takes the silk text "Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor" written in the Han Dynasty tomb of Ma Wangdui as the research starting point,focuses on exploring the important concepts in Huang-Lao’s political thought,and tries to explore the academic logic of the origin and development of Huang-Lao’s theory from the evolution and interaction of the concepts of "Tao" and "Virtue" in the core words,especially to analyze the establishment of Huang-Lao’s philosophy and political virtue from the expansion and transfer of the meaning of "Virtue".Then it draws out the important concepts of Huang-Lao’s political thought "Tao-Law","Xing-Ming","Xing-De","Yinxun" and so on,and hopes to describe the characteristics of HuangLao’s political thought. |
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