| Shangshu(尚书)is a Book of ancient times,one of the important original classics of Chinese culture and a classic among Confucian classics.Since the Han and Tang Dynasties,it has attracted much attention.However,Shangshu has a long history,and it’s very hard to learn with ancient words,which can not be compared with other classics.Therefore,the inheritance and development of the book can not be separated from the exegetical interpretation of Confucian teachers in previous dynasties.The exegesis of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty is an important link in the history of the exegesis of Shangshu.However,predecessors did not pay enough attention to the exegesis of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty,there were few research results,and there were no special books and monographs.Its reasons are worth exploring.This paper intends to make its own contribution in this regard.This paper aims to make a macro examination of the exegesis of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty,comprehensively and systematically discusses the basic overview of the study of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty for the first time,explore the reasons for the rise of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty,and sort out the academic schools of the study of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty and their origins,personnel composition,academic achievements and characteristics;Starting from the characteristics of the times of the Yuan people’s exegesis,this paper combs the basic situation of the exegesis in Shangshu of the Yuan people comprehensively and meticulously;This paper expounds the thought and interpretation of the exegesis of Shangshu in Yuan Dynasty from two aspects of inheritance and innovation;Summarize the characteristic exegetical methods of Yuan people;This paper analyzes the contributions of the Yuan Dynasty’s Shangshu exegesis in the correction and interpretation of words,the interpretation of chapters and sentences,the textual research of object names and institutions and system,and the interpretation of semantics,and discusses the achievements and shortcomings of the Yuan people in the Shangshu exegesis and their historical position in the research history of Shangshu,in order to be beneficial to the history of Shangshu,the history of exegesis,the history of classics and the history of culture and thought.When analyzing the exegesis of Shangshu,this paper tries to combine the research methods of modern linguistics with the traditional exegesis and philology methods,to compare and synthesize,to comment on the gains and losses,and to expound its own views,so as to make a fool of one gain.This paper contains an introduction and a general introduction,and above those the main part of this paper is divided into seven chapters.The introduction part briefly introduces the origin,value,history and current situation of this topic research,,clarifies the research object and goal of this topic,and introduces the research ideas,research methods and innovations that can be expected.The general part is the summary of the full text.After briefly summing up the discussion content of the full text,it further expounds the content of three aspects:first,it summarizes the characteristics of the times of the exegesis of Shangshu in Yuan Dynasty,and deepens our understanding of the exegesis of Shangshu in Yuan Dynasty;Second,starting from the academic status of the study of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty,it is proposed that we should correctly,objectively and fairly evaluate the historical orientation of the study of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty,not only to see its limitations,but also to see its achievements;The third is to analyze the reasons why the academic circles have ignored the research results of Shangshu of Yuan Dynasty for a long time.The main body of this paper consists of seven chapters,which are divided into two parts.The first part includes the first four chapters,which discuss the content of the exegesis of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty in the form of general description-separate,among them,the first chapter outlines the basic situation of the exegetical works of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty,the second to fourth chapters starts with the characteristics of the times of the interpretation of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty,and respectively discuss to supplement and deepen Shuji Zhuan(书集传)(see Chapter Ⅱ),the revision of Shuji Zhuan(see Chapter Ⅲ),and the different interpretation purport from the two above(see Chapter Ⅳ).The second part includes the latter three chapters,which respectively summarize the thoughts and principles of exegesis of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty(see Chapter Ⅴ),the methods of exegesis of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty(see Chapter Ⅵ),the achievements and limitations of exegesis of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty and its historical impacts(see Chapter VII).The contents of each chapter are as follows.The first chapter combs the basic situation of the study of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty.This paper discusses the reasons why the study of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty changed from silence to prosperity,the origin of the names of the Shiyi school(时义派)and the Guyi school(古义派),the main members and the academic ideas,academic achievements and social influence of each school,reveals the causes,achievements and academic value of the identification of falsifications of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty,and summarizes the overall characteristics of the study of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty.The Yuan people’s Shangshu exegesis from the relationship between the exegesis content and Shuji Zhuan,and roughly divided into three types:applying and supplementing Shuji Zhuan,revising Shuji Zhuan and Outsiding Shuji Zhuan.The second chapter analyzes the content and achievements of Shuji Zhuan,with the supplement of the exegesis of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty.The exegesis of the Yuan Dynasty has been supplemented by textual research in the unknown and unknown basis of Shuji Zhuan,interpretation in the place where Shuji Zhuan did not speak,and supplement and harvest in the place where Shuji Zhuan did not state unclearly.There are direct supplementary explanations,and some cited previous interpretations to explain their own meaning,and there is an extended exposition and supplementary interpretation to broaden our knowledge on the basis of Shuji Zhuan.The people of the Yuan Dynasty supplemented Shuji Zhuan in terms of words,chapters and sentences,objects names and various institutions and systems,which was beneficial to readers and meritorious to Shuji Zhuan.The third chapter analyzes the textual criticism of the exegesis of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty and refutes Shuji Zhuan.This paper discusses the content,achievements and characteristics of Yuan people’s revision of Shuji Zhuan.The people of Yuan Dynasty have gained a lot in correcting the text errors and citation errors of Shuji Zhuan and discriminating the similarities and differences of the scriptures of Shangshu,which is a modern and ancient book.They have explained the variant characters and fake characters of the scriptures.The people of Yuan Dynasty can often correct Shuji Zhuan’s loss in the exegesis of words and the textual research of things names and various institutions and systems.The way of expression is to explain the scriptures directly,and the interpretation is different from Shuji Zhuan(actually revise Shuji Zhuan),or quote scriptures to refute and correct Shuji Zhuan,or conduct field investigation to verify objects names to correct Shuji Zhuan.The fourth chapter mainly discusses the exegesis of the Yuan Dynasty in addition to the supplement and revision of Shuji Zhuan.This paper mainly combs the contents and exegetical characteristics of three books of Shangshu Tongkao(尚书通考)by Huang Zhencheng(黄镇成),and Shangshu Zuanzhuan(尚书纂传)by Wang Tianyu(王天与)and Dushu Congshuo(读书丛说)by Xu Qian(许谦).And briefly introduces the author’s life,academic achievements and influence,as well as the origin and style of the book.In addition,it also briefly introduces the books of Liujing Buzhu(六经补注)by Huang Ze(黄泽),and Shangshu Jiangyi(尚书讲义)by Zhang Zhongshi(张仲实),and other lost works,in order to make a more comprehensive and detailed combing and Discussion on the exegesis of Shangshu of the Yuan Dynasty.The fifth chapter analyzes the exegetical thought of Shangshu and its interpretation under the guidance of exegetical thought.The thought of exegesis directly guides the practice of exegesis,and the interpretation of righteousness and theory of Yuan people is the practice carried out under the guidance of the thought of exegesis,which is the direct product of his thought of exegesis.The thought of exegesis and the interpretation of righteousness and theory complement each other.The exegetical thought of Shangshu of the Yuan Dynasty is highlighted in three aspects:the thought of doubting classics,the thought of governing the world and the thought of Neo Confucianism(理学).Under the guidance of the thought of doubting the classics,in addition to distinguishing the current and ancient texts of Shangshu,and examining the similarities and differences between the current and ancient texts of Shangshu,the exegesis of Shangshu in Yuan Dynasty is mainly manifested in the theory of doubting the wrong preface of Shangshu and correcting the wrong bamboo slips.Under the guidance of the thought of governing the world,Yuan people expounded the way held by monarchs and officials,the principle of survival and abolition of rise and fall,and the method of equitable execution in the textual criticism and exegesis of words,the interpretation of the meaning of chapters and sentences,and the interpretation of the system of object names.Under the guidance of Neo Confucianism,Yuan people expounded the acceptance and development of the Rational Theory of Song Study,the emphasis and trade-off of Cultivation Theory,and the maintenance and reconstruction of the image of saints.The sixth chapter comprehensively summarizes the characteristic exegetical methods to Shangshu in Yuan Dynasty.While inheriting the traditional exegesis methods of Confucian classics in the Han and Tang Dynasties,the Yuan people also constantly innovate exegesis methods,which can be roughly divided into four categories:(1)Compile old theories to explain one’s own ideas.In the Yuan Dynasty,the compilation style books on the study to Shangshu often collect the achievements of previous exegesis,compromise and reconcile to explain their own ideas,in particular,the three books of Shangshu Jizhuan Zuanshu(尚书集传纂疏)by Chen Li(陈栎),and Shuzhuan Jilu Zuanzhu(书传辑录纂注)by Dong Ding(董鼎),and Shangshu Zuanzhuan(尚书纂传)by Wang Tianyu(王天与)are the most prominent.(2)Excerpts of entries and thematic discrimination.In the Yuan Dynasty,the notes style works of Shangshu study often extract the words in the scriptures of Shangshu or the words of Shuji Zhuan,summarize them into entries and make special analysis.It not only interprets the meaning of words in connection with the context,but also interprets the thought of righteousness and reason.In particular,the books of Dushu Congshuo(读书丛说)by Xu Qian(许谦),Dushu Guanjian(读书管见)by Wang chongyun(王充耘),and Shangshu Tongkao(尚书通考)by Huang Zhencheng(黄镇成)are the most significant.(3)Drawing and tabulation,visual and intuitive.In the process of exegetical research,scholars of Shangshu study in the Yuan Dynasty often draw and tabulate and interpret the meaning in an intuitive and visual way,so as to simplify the complexity and vividly dredge the meaning and clarify the meaning.Among them,Shangshu Biaozhu(尚书表注)by Jin Luxiang(金履祥),and Dushu Congshuo by Xu Qian,and Shangshu Tongkao by Huang Zhencheng are the most prominent.(4)The integration of objects is to runs through ancient and modern times.In the process of exegetical research,scholars of Shangshu study in the Yuan Dynasty sometimes summarized and summarized a certain object names and institutions and system according to categories,and evaluated it in combination with previous textual research.Learning the past from the present,and using Use one thing to prove another,It can not only broaden our knowledge,but also play a role in dispelling doubts and deepening our understanding of the Scriptures.The seventh chapter summarizes the exegesis of Shangshu in Yuan ynasty.Comprehensively sort out the achievements,deficiencies and historical influence of the exegesis of Shangshu by Yuan people.The works of Shangshu study in Yuan Dynasty mainly focus on Shuji Zhuan.Therefore,the exegesis of Shangshu in Yuan Dynasty can be divided into three types:The first is to supplement and deepen Shuji Zhuan.It is mainly reflected in two aspects:firstly the people of the Yuan Dynasty compiled and recorded the theories of various schools,to support Shuji Zhuan.Secondly the Yuan people took Zhu Zi(朱子)as the pope and explain the thought of Neo Confucianism.The second is the refutation and innovation of Shuji Zhuan concentrating in two aspects:firstly the textual research on Shuji Zhuan became more and more profound,secondly distinguished right from wrong and have creative ideas.In addition to supplementing,deepening and refuting Shuji Zhuan,The third is to echo Shuji Zhuan with two books of Shucaishi Pangtong(书蔡氏旁通)and Shangshu Cai Zhuan Yinshi(尚书蔡传音释),which have wings in Shuji Zhuan from the text and phonology respectively,which effectively improves the text quality of Shuji Zhuan,highlights the classic status of Shuji Zhuan,and greatly promotes the canonization process of Shuji Zhuan,which is another achievement of exegesis of the Yuan people.There are also many deficiencies in the exegesis of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty.It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:First,in order to refute Cai’s theory,many people don’t follow the ancient precepts and historical facts,but tend to make assumptions.Second,reading Zhu Zi’s books and spreading Zhu Zi’s learning in the Yuan Dynasty is not only an academic atmosphere,but also a social fashion.Therefore,respecting Zhu Zi’s theory has become a consensus among the scholars of Shangshu study in the Yuan Dynasty,introducing Zhu Zi’s language has become a necessary means and fashionable style for Yuan people to explain the meaning of scriptures,and Zhu Zi’s quotations has been regarded as a standard.Throng the Yuan Dynasty,the study of Shangshu was still confined to the barriers of Song learning and lost itself.Third,Shangshu is regarded as the ancestor of the political book,which requires the scholars of Shangshu study to project their personal understanding of Shangshu into specific political practice,so as to verify the law of saints and The way of reassuring the people.However,most scholars of Shangshu study in the Yuan Dynasty devoted themselves to learning and did not want to enter politics and official career,so they lacked the necessary political help,so the actual social impact was very limited.Fourth,the study of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty lacks the attention of the times,resulting in three results:(1)the results of the study of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty have not been effectively recorded and inherited.(2)In the Yuan Dynasty,the study of Shangshu was dormant under the wing of the study of Zhuzi school,and there were few stars shining.(3)Due to the influence of the first two factors,later generations made an unfair evaluation of the study of Shangshu in the Yuan Dynasty due to the standpoint of Sinology and song studies.In fact,the historical influence of the exegesis of Shangshu from the Yuan Dynasty can not be ignored.It is mainly manifested in three points:(1)the inheritance and invention of Shangshu study from Song Dynasty.It is mainly reflected in many aspects,such as the correction and interpretation of words and expressions,the textual research and revision of object names,the interpretation of chapter and sentence meaning,the doubt and discrimination of scriptures and so on.(2)It provides support for the compilation and identification of the materials of Shangshu study in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The two books of Shangshu Jizhuan Zuanshu by Chen Li and Shuzhuan Jilu Zuanzhu by Dong Ding are typical of the compilation and compilation style of Shangshu study in the Yuan Dynasty.The two books compiled a large number of exegesis and interpretation of Shangshu study in the Song and Yuan Dynasties,including many lost works,which provided material support for the compilation of Shuzhuan Huixuan(书传会选)and Shuzhuan Daquan(书传大全)and Compilation of Shangshu Commentary by Imperial Order(钦定书经传说汇纂)in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,Moreover,the exegetical achievements of Shangshu by Yuan people were also absorbed by the large-scale annotation works of Shangshu compiled in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,for example,the book of Compilation of Shangshu Commentary by Imperial Order absorbed the exegetical results of 29 Confucian Classics teachers in the Yuan Dynasty.Zhao Mengfu(赵孟頫),Wu Cheng,Wang Chongyun and others of the Yuan Dynasty were influenced by the sceptical thinking and practice of Shangshu by Wu Yu(吴棫)and Zhu Xi(朱熹)of Song Confucians.They have made achievements in distinguishing the modern and ancient texts of Shangshu,the preface of Shangshu and the wrong slips of Shangshu,and they have greatly inspired the research of scholars in the Ming and Qing dynasties,such as Mei Zhuo(梅鷟),Yan Ruoqu(阎若璩),and Hui Dong(惠栋).(3)It provides theoretical reference and writing paradigm for imperial examination in Ming and Qing Dynasties.Books in the Yuan Dynasty,such as the books of Shuyi Jinshi and Shuyi Zhuyi by Wang Chongyun,and the book of Shuyi Duanfa by Chen Yuedao,and the book of Zuoyi Yaojue by Ni Shiyi are imperial examination oriented books that provide oral defense skills and solutions for imperial examination scholars under the paradigm of interpreting scriptures in Shuji Zhuan.From them,we can get a first glimpse of the style paradigm of the imperial examination in the Yuan Dynasty,which can not only be used as an important cultural resource for the study of the imperial examination in the Yuan Dynasty,but also provide a theoretical reference for the subsequent imperial examination in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,It is also an important reference for future generations to study the imperial examination system. |
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