| The performance of Saishe in urban and rural areas and the drama activities in Washe Goulan or theatrical gardens are important ways for ancient Chinese opera to survive.It shows the close relationship between Chinese opera and folk.This is also the basis for the generation of the banter nature.Banter is a deconstruction of the noble,authoritative and superior factors in life by means of reversing,blaspheming,belittling,mocking and parodying.Banter is a typical unofficial way of thinking.It means shortening or even canceling the distance.People examine the upper culture from the bottom-up perspective.Banter is a special language symbol system,which combines elegant official language with vulgarity language.The banter nature of Chinese opera shows three levels from shallow to deep: the first level,laughter without profound social significance;The second level is to break through the limitations of conventional morality,regulations and prohibitions,as well as the laughter generated by surpassing the traditional Confucian ethics;The third level is to put a positive and negative laughter.Although the legends of the Ming and Qing Dynasties show the elegant aesthetic style,and have high literariness,they finally realize the value of "drama" in the process of appealing to the audience.Although the content of Yazheng in legends has played a positive role in improving the literariness and stylistic status of legends,it often makes dramas only suitable for reading.On the contrary,it is the banter content that reflects the folk taste that can win bursts of laughter from the audience.From this point of view,the banter nature played an important role in the dissemination of the legends of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The formation of banter nature in Ming and Qing dynasty legends has a deep origin,which is closely related to the accumulation and development of banter factor in the early stage of drama.In Ming and Qing Dynasties,the atmosphere of national Carnival created by the flourishing Festival and temple fairs is also one of the important reasons for the development of banter nature.Under the influence of the social,political,ideological and cultural background in different periods of Ming and Qing Dynasties,the banter nature in the legend presents a trend of evolution from weak to strong and then to weak.In the growth period,the aesthetic ideal of "Yazheng" restricted the banter nature.The overall style of legends is more serious.There are few banter contents,which often appear as interludes,and most of them have little to do with the theme.In the flourishing period,the creation upsurge of "close feelings and moving customs" nourish the development of the banter nature.The content of banter not only increases in volume,but also has a richer and more mature way of expression.For example,the content of banter in Tang Xianzu’s Peony Pavilion and Shen Jing’s Bo Xiao Ji is consistent with the theme of expressing free personality and rebelling against Neo Confucianism.In the development period,attention to stage performance makes the banter nature of the drama more intense.The banter nature is mainly reflected in the dramas of Suzhou dramatists and romantic scholars represented by Li Yu.In the remaining and transformation period,the return of literati has deeply affected the development of banter.During this period,the number of banter content decreased,the impact and subversion on the mainstream culture decreased,which was far away from the requirements of stage practice.The banter nature of Ming and Qing legends can be fully displayed in the three aspects of characters,plots and gags.As far as the characters are concerned,both the upper class and the common people can be treated in the way of laughing and joking;Jing and Chou are the main characters playing the role of banter characters,other characters can also play;they have two sides.As far as the plot is concerned,the release of instinctive desire,the weakening of hierarchy,and the rich playfulness are the main characteristics.As far as gags are concerned,inappropriate gags from the perspective of ordinary life are not only the ingredients for making jokes,but also a powerful impact on the solemnity and elegance of official culture.The content of banter plays an important role in the development and dissemination of legends in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Playwrights describe acquaintances and familiar things,but the technique of banter can make acquaintances show the inconsistence or difference in daily life,and can make the development of familiar things unexpected.The banter nature can use the elements of comedy to dispel the tragic color in the legends.The banter nature can either adjust the heat and cold in a play,so as to activate the stage atmosphere and adjust the rhythm.In addition,the banter content can express fierce conflicts.At the same time,it can make the performance of Zhe Zi Xi more suitable for performance and promote the formation and prosperity of Zhe Zi Xi. |
