A Study On The Syntactic And Semantic Features Of Relative Clauses In Chinese And Japanes

Shusaku Endo(1923-1996)is a representative writer of Christian literature in the history of modern Japanese literature.In his nearly 40-year literary career,Shusaku Endo has not stopped writing,and has achieved various accomplishments in novels,dramas,biography,literary criticism and other fields.Among them,his achievements in novels are the most outstanding,and he has won numerous awards at home and abroad.Due to the religious nature of Endo’s literature,the writing of issues such as "Christian Faith","Jesus Image",and "Sinful Consciousness" in his works have been the focus of prior research at home and abroad.In fact,Endo,in his exploration of the differences between Christianity rooted in the West and the Japanese spiritual terroir,questioned more fundamental questions between the West and Japan.In the early1950 s,when Shusaku Endo began his literary creation,from the perspective of world history,with the weakening of European colonial powers,the national awakening in Asia and Africa,the world began to enter the post-colonial period.For Japan,after the end of World War II,Japan suddenly lost all its colonies including Northeast China,Taiwan,the Korean Peninsula and Southeast Asia.Endo,spent his childhood in Dalian during the Japanese colonial period,and racially discriminated while studying in Europe.It can be said that he has a dual experience of the colonizer and the colonized.At the same time,factors such as the conflict between the Catholic faith,the identity of a foreign literary researcher,and the subjectivity of being a Japanese make Endo unable to ignore many problems after the world enters the post-colonial period.Shusaku Endo’s works published in the 1950 s and 1960 s reflect the author’s thinking on issues such as race,nationality,historical memory,colonization,war responsibility,and cultural identity.Re-interpreting Endo’s works in this period from the perspective of postcolonial criticism can fully explore the value of Endo’s early literature and provide a new perspective for the study of Endo’s literature.This dissertation takes "post-colonial" as an entry point to study Shusaku Endo’s early literature,and selects works as research objects with the keywords of "ethnic narrative","historical narrative","Japanese imperial colonial narrative" and "cultural identity".Under the support of relevant postcolonial criticism theories,combined with the historical context in which the work was published,and compared with the author’s diary and essays,the subject text is carefully read.This dissertation is divided into three parts,namely the preface,four chapters of body part and the conclusion.The preface part firstly made a definition of Shusaku Endo’s early literary works,and sorted out all the works from the debut of "To Aden"(1954)to the publication of his masterpiece "Silence"(1966).It focuses on the possibility of interpreting Shusaku Endo’s early literary works from a post-colonial perspective.In addition,the preface also introduces the current research status of Shusaku Endo’s literature,the latest related research results,and the research methods,ideas and significance of this dissertation.The first chapter of this dissertation focuses on the ethnic narrative in Shusaku Endo’s early literature,and the two most representative texts selected are Shusaku Endo’s debut novels "To Aden" and "Korchi Pavilion".The two works are mainly interpreted on the basis of Sartre’s "gaze" theory and Fanon’s psychological analysis of people of color in "Black Skin,White Mask".The novel "To Aden" mainly tells the story of the love between the yellow-skinned protagonist and the white woman from the beginning to the collapse.Through this novel,we can understand that in France in the early 1950 s,black people still did not have basic human rights,and the love between men of color and white women was still regarded as a taboo.The viewing positions,discourse patterns and psychological differences between whites and people of color in the novel objectively reflect the relationship between the colonizers and the colonized.Under the gaze of the capitalized other,people of color will only constantly generate self-denial,and under the narration of white people,they have become synonymous with "savagery".The novel "Korch Pavilion" focuses on the relationship between people of color.In the space of the "Korch Pavilion",white people have an absolute advantage.The yellow-skinned Japanese student "I" and the black student Polan have been on the fringes in this apartment.After the white civilization is authoritative,people of color are unavoidably attracted to white people,and the resulting self-denial will lead to hostility among people of color.At the end of the story,Polan was framed by the white students and was kicked out of the Korch Pavilion,and I also felt aggravated by my guilt for not proving Polan’s innocence.The "Korch Pavilion" is like a simple microcosm of the post-World War II world pattern,which has an enlightening effect on the subjectivity of people of color thinking about themselves.The second chapter mainly focuses on the discussion of "history" in Shusaku Endo’s early literature.History is often the history told by the victors,and the famous postcolonial theorist Gayatri C.Spivak once asked the question "Can the Subaltern Speak?" It points out the aphasia of the lower class(the colonized in the colonial relationship)in the face of authority.The main works selected in this chapter are "The Foreign Students in French","White Man" and "The Little Green Grape",the main text interpretation is placed in Shusaku Endo’s first full-length novel "The Little Green Grape".Shusaku Endo visited the Ardèche province in southern France during his studies in France,and visited a dry well where it was rumored that the French killed their compatriots and abandoned their corpses during World War II.If this event actually happened in history,the character of the French resistance movement,which called itself humanitarian warfare,would be upended.This incident made Shusaku Endo begin to think about the truth of "history" and turn his attention to those buried histories.In the novel "The Little Green Grape",several protagonists who crossed the border to France after World War II gradually fell into the fog of collective memory shared by the French.In his novel,Shusaku Endo clarifies a point of view that the "good and evil" in the historical process are often a set of relative concepts,but the court of history always tends to make a simple dichotomy of this set of relative concepts.How to break the historical version imposed on the people by the ruling class,breaking the monism of history becomes very important.At the end of the novel,the protagonist Ihara realized that through "writing",an indestructible world can be created.This also reflects that why Shusaku Endo did not become a foreign literary researcher or literary critic,but chose the starting as a novelist.The third chapter focuses on narratives about the war and colonization of Imperial Japan in works published between 1957 and 1958.The research object texts involved a novella "Yellow Man",a full-length novel "The Sea and Poison",and two short stories "The Port City" and "The Light of Summer".After writing a series of "European novels" such as "To Aden","White Man" and "The Little Green Grape",Shusaku Endo eagerly turned his attention to Japan.The novels "Yellow Man" and "The Sea and Poison" are both novels created in the background of Japan at the end of the war.Both works mentioned the bombing of the Japanese mainland by the U.S.B29 bomber,but the roles they played were not the same.In "Yellow Man",the B29 bomber appeared as a perpetrator,but the captured soldiers of the U.S.B29 formation in "The Sea and Poison" became the object of the vivisection conducted by the Japanese military and Kyushu Medical University in conspiracy.When Shusaku Endo described the war,he no longer simply regarded the Japanese as the victims of the war,but reflected from the perspective of the perpetrators.The novels "The Sea and Poison","The Port City" and "Light of Summer" all contain descriptions of overseas colonies during the Japanese Empire.In "The Sea and Poison",Nurse Ueda followed her husband to Dalian,China,and soon learned how to treat the local Manchus as a colonizer.Nurse Ueda became pregnant soon after,but gave birth to a stillbirth.The child named "Masuo" alluded to the failure of Japan’s colonial rule in Northeast China.In the novel "The Port City",a Japanese naval soldier named "Tada" chose to stay in the city "Penang",which was once colonized after the war."Tada" changed his name,and took the initiative to integrate into the group that he once colonized as a Chinese.This character shows a certain attitude of atonement for his abandonment of his identity as a Japanese colonizer.The novel "Light of Summer" mainly reflects the inner psychology of the Japanese as colonists when they lived in the colonial city.These works collectively reflect the author Shusaku Endo’s courage to face the evils of Japanese imperialism during this period,and reflect the author’s reflection on war and colonial behavior.The fourth chapter focuses on "Cultural Identity".Starting from the concept of identity in postcolonial theory,it analyzes the predicament of the author Shusaku Endo in terms of cultural identity.The main target text involved is the novel "Foreign Studies",and Shusaku Endo’s representative work "Silence" published in the following year.The novel "Foreign Studies" consists of three chapters,which describe the experiences of Japanese studying in France in three different periods.The protagonist of the first chapter,Kudo,received funding from the Roman Catholic Church and became the first Japanese student to study in France after World War II.The church believers treat Kudo very kindly,but their misunderstanding of Japanese culture and their expectations for his missionary career after returning home make Kudo anxious.Kudo is in a predicament between the two identities of "Kudo" and "Paul".In the second chapter of the novel,Thomas Araki is the first foreign student in Japanese history to study in Europe.Thomas Araki and Kudo studied in Europe at different times,but they faced the same predicament when it came to faith and missionary issues.Whether it is Paul Kudo or Thomas Araki,or in Chapter Three,Japanese students Tanaka and Musaka who returned to Japan after studying in France in the early 1960 s failed.A common problem they faced is the problem of their own cultural identity,and this is also a major problem that has always troubled the author Shusaku Endo.