Archaeological Study On The Xiongnu City Sites In North Of The Gobi Desert

"North of the Gobi desert"(漠北)is a historical geographical concept that refers to the vast steppe area north of the Gobi desert of the Mongolian Plateau,roughly corresponding to the region of present-day Mongolia and Southern Siberia in Russia.During the West Han Dynasty,centering on the Great steppe in north of the Gobi desert,Xiongnu established a huge nomadic regime from the Liaodong Peninsula,to the Pamirs(Cong Ling)in the west,to Lake Baikal in the north,and to the southern foothills of the Yin Mountains in the south.Xiongnu society took the nomadic economy of"migrating by water and grass"as the main mode of livelihood,and also created a precedent for grassland nomads to build cities.Based on the detailed introduction and combing of the archaeological materials of the city sites,the 27 Xiongnu city sites found in Mongolia,Transbaikal and Yenisei River Basin of Russia are the main research objects,and then the typological classification of the city sites and excavated building materials were carried out,and then the cultural factors and differences of the city sites were analyzed,and the chronology,belonging and function of the Xiongnu city sites are further discussed.The full text is divided into seven chapters:The first chapter is an introduction,which firstly defines the research object of this paper,and systematically sorts out the archaeological discovery and research history of the Xiongnu city site in north of the Gobi desert,and summarizes the results and shortcomings of the existing research.The research objectives and research ideas of this paper are proposed,and the relevant issues such as the criteria for determining Xiongnu city sites are explained.The second chapter is the combing and introduction of the archaeological data of the Xiongnu city site,based on the archaeological survey and excavation data,taking the modern administrative division and the natural geographical area as the unit,the geographical location of the Xiongnu city site,the archaeological discovery and excavation experience,the layout and structure of the city site,the main ruins and excavated relics are comprehensively and in detail,and the latest explanations and understandings of the problems existing in the previous archaeological work and the archaeological phenomena related to the city site are proposed.The third chapter is the classification study of city sites which first analyze the distribution characteristics of Xiongnu city sites and the commonality of the shape structure.Based on which take the layout of city sites and the characteristics of architectural combinations in the city as the main reference standard,taking into account the geographical location,scale and excavation of building materials and living relics of the city sites,the Xiongnu city sites are divided into 5 types,and the regional characteristics and differences of each type of city site are summarized.The fourth chapter is the classification of building materials and the analysis and study of the process,according to the shape and decorative characteristics,the fine typological analysis of the bricks and tiles excavated from the Xiongnu city site is carried out,and the production process and process of brick and tile materials are deeply analyzed and discussed by observing the expressive characteristics of building materials.The fifth chapter analyzes the cultural factors of the city site,focusing on the layout structure,construction technology and excavated relics of the city site,and distinguishes six cultural factors,including the cultural factors of the Central Plains,the cultural factors of the Yellow River Basin and the Great Wall in northern China,the cultural factors of the Transbaikal region,the cultural factors of the Yenisei River Basin in South Siberia,the cultural factors of West Asia and Central Asia,and the cultural factors of the Xiongnu themselves,and summarizes the absorption and integration characteristics and differences of cultural factors in different regions and different types of city sites.The sixth chapter is a study of the chronology and belongings of the city site,according to the decorative characteristics and processes of the excavated daily life appliances and building materials,the radiocarbon-14 dating data is combined,the age of the representative city site is determined,and the preliminary staging is made;the classification and cultural factors and chronological analysis results of the city site are used,and the relevant literature records are combined according to the geographical location,scale,layout and structural characteristics of the city site,and the belongs and function of the Xiongnu city site in the northern desert area are discussed.Chapter seventh concludes with a summary of the main innovations and achievements of this paper,points out the shortcomings and shortcomings of this paper,and looks forward to future research ideas and expectations.