A Study On Righteousness Theory From Mohism

In modern times,under the ideological enlightenment of democracy and science,Mohism has received unprecedented attention.Since then,the problem of how to revive and rebuild the Mohist theory has gradually become prominent.ln particular,the emergence of Modern Neo-Mohism provides a new opportunity for the modern transformation of Mohism.On the basis of reflecting on the methodology of traditional Sinology,the Neo-Mohism strive to avoid falling into the research paradigm of "analogical interpretation" and "reverse analogical interpretation" between Chinese and Western modern philosophy,and always focuson the integration of the vision of ancient Mohist and modern western philosophy,to find the modern significance of Mohist.Although other concepts also have the possibility of establishing integrated Mohist theory,taking yi 义(righteousness)can break the ideological gap between ancient and modern Chinese and West,so as to expand the interpretation space of Mozi 墨子 and make its meaning constantlygenerated.Based on the above understanding,this paper tries to base itself on the text of Mozi 墨子,draw on the methodology and problem consciousness of western philosophy,and construct a modern Mohist philosophy with yi 义(righteousness)as the fundamental concept.From the layout of the text,mainly on the basis of the concept of yi义(righteousness),it is divided into five chapters:Taking "yi" as the Foundation,Heaven is "yi",Governing Nature by "yi",Profit in "yi" and Put "yi" in politics,to give systematic answers to the construction of modern Mohist philosophy.First of all,An analysis of yi 义(righteousness)as Mohist’s basic idea from the perspective of noumenon.The fundamental concept of Mozi 墨子 can be understood in two kinds,one is the fundamental concept of experience,the other is the fundamental concept of noumenon.The core thought that has always been regarded as the fundamental idea includes tian天(Heaven)or tian zhi天志(the will of heaven),jian ai 兼爱(inclusive care),fei gong 非攻(against military aggression),shang tong 尚同(conforming upward),li 利(Profit),ren 仁(Benevolence)and so on.Because of their own problems,they cannot have practical inevitability,or even only as an empirical fundamental concept,but not as a universal and necessary moral law.On the contrary,On the contrary,the fundamental concept of yi 义(righteousness)as noumenon lies in its characteristics of being both reality and transcendence:at the metaphysical level,yi 义(righteousness)does not come from experience,but it begins with experience and is recognized in experience.At the level of moral practice,yi 义(righteousness)as noumenon lies in all good ideas first,and is in all good ideas,and can integrate all good ideas.Secondly,on the basis of establishing yi 义(righteousness)as the fundamental concept,we try to clarify the relationship between tian 天(heaven)and yi 义(righteousness).In Mohism,heaven has two forms,personalistic heaven and metaphysical heaven.By demonstrating the rationality of ming gui 明鬼(clarifying ghosts)and fei ming 非命(against fatalism),they not only highlight the necessity of personalistic heaven and metaphysical heaven,but also develop the concept of"fairness" and "freedom",thus making the modern transformation of ming gui 明鬼(clarifying ghosts)and fei ming非命(against fatalism)thoughts possible.However,the conversion process needs to be finally completed by the yi 义(righteousness).The yi义(righteousness)of Mohism,with the transformation from personalistic heaven to metaphysical heaven,also evolved from the will as personalistic heaven to the moral law as metaphysical heaven.Therefore,the reason why metaphysical heaven is metaphysical heaven lies in that metaphysical heaven regards yi 义(righteousness)as a universal law to get rid of all perceptual experience,and then establishes the purity and supremacy of yi 义(righteousness).At the same time,the metaphysical heaven retains the deterrent effect of personalistic heaven on people’s moral behavior,and thus constitute the nature of heaven,form personalistic heaven,metaphysical heaven and yi 义(righteousness)of the unity of the Mohist philosophy.Then,from the perspective of the theory of human nature,this paper analyzes such problems as "whether Mohism has human nature","how is it possible to govern nature by yi" and "how to reshape the ideal personality of Mohism".Mohist theory of human nature holds that human nature has the potential of good and evil,and its good and evil are rooted in "contamination".In order to ensure that the human mind can change from good to evil,Mohism proposed the method of guan 观(observe with your body and heart),which promoted the transformation of human’s rational mind to moral mind,thus internalizing the external yi义(righteousness)in the mind,and finally externalizing it into the mutual goodwill between people.This process hides the logical deduction from heteronomy ethics to self-regulation ethics,but obviously Mozi 墨子 did not really go to that step of self-regulation ethics.Furthermore,at the level of moral philosophy,how can Mohism construct a comprehensive normative ethics?Through the analysis of the ethical types of Mohism,this paper expounds the possibility of Mohism as an ethical type of unity of virtue and rules.It also shows that the principle of jian ai兼爱(inclusive care)and the principle of fei gong 非攻(against military aggression)are explanatory and non-normative,but they still need to be obeyed under reasonable norms.Based on this,this paper tries to take the description of quan 权(judge and weigh)in da qu大取 as the logical starting point,and tries to supplement and amend it by analyzing the problems existing in the process of quan权(judge and weigh),so as to form a complete ethical construction of Mohism.Finally,at the level of political philosophy,it asks how Yi ideology(yi zheng 义政)towards modern democracy.By examining the evolution of modern democratic forms,Mohism can move towards liberal democracy by deconstructing Mohism,and towards socialist democracy on the basis of democratic meritocracy.Therefore,from the perspective of communitarianism,this paper gives a new interpretation to the thoughts of shang tong 尚同(conforming upward)and shang xian 尚贤(elevating the worthy).By exploring the right consciousness contained in Yi ideology(yi zheng义政),it is possible to construct Mohist communitarianism that gives consideration to both freedom and community.