A Research On The Courtyard Architecture Of Pre-Qin Dynasty In The Central Plains

The pre-Qin period is an important stage of the formation and development of ancient Chinese architecture.Archaeological excavation shows that there are various forms of architecture and great development of construction technology in this period.As a special architectural form,courtyard architecture has experienced a long process of germination,formation and development in the pre-Qin period of the Central Plains.It is not only helpful to solve many doubts about the origin and development of courtyard architecture in the Central Plains,but also of great academic significance to the study of the city and architectural history in the pre-Qin period.On the basis of previous studies,mainly based on archaeological discovery materials,combined with historical documents,and focusing on interdisciplinary research methods,this paper makes a comprehensive study on the classification,planning and layout,construction methods and technology,development and evolution process,ideological connotation and artistic characteristics of Pre-Qin courtyard buildings in the Central Plains.The paper consists of seven chapters:The first chapter is the introduction.This chapter mainly discusses and defines the concepts related to this study,such as "Central Plains","pre Qin","courtyard architecture",etc.,and clarifies the research object and the time and space scope involved.This paper expounds the research significance and research methods,reviews and combs the relevant research results and shortcomings.The second chapter is the discovery and confirmation of the remains of Pre-Qin courtyard architecture.On the basis of the criteria for judging the courtyard buildings in the pre-Qin period,this paper makes a comprehensive investigation of the relevant sites of archaeological discoveries in the Central Plains,and identifies 72 remains of courtyard buildings included in this study,including 21 in the Neolithic age,5 in the Xia Dynasty,33 in the Shang Dynasty and 13 in the Zhou Dynasty,and systematically sorts out the general situation of the relevant sites.The third chapter discusses the classification and layout of courtyard buildings.First of all,according to the corresponding basis,the remains of Neolithic courtyard buildings are divided into three categories:settlement center,early palace rooms and small courtyard houses.The remains of courtyard buildings in Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties are divided into two categories:Palace,ancestral temple and government office.It is speculated that there should still be "civil courtyard architecture",but there is no unearthed object now.Then,based on the analysis of the elements of the courtyard architecture,the author summarizes the usage and rules of the elements of the courtyard architecture,and finds that the elements of the courtyard architecture of the Neolithic settlement center class and the small courtyard of the residential buildings are simple and incomplete,and the early palace class began to have the essential elements of the courtyard architecture;the palace class and the government office in the Xia,Shang and Zhou Dynasties Similar courtyard building has complete elements and rich forms.Finally,according to the organization of the elements,the paper further summarizes the layout characteristics of courtyard building,such as group building,closed courtyard,axial symmetry,front moving and back static and inward setting.The fourth chapter is the construction technology analysis of courtyard building.This paper comprehensively discusses the construction methods,technologies and materials of the pre-Qin courtyard buildings in the Central Plains,and analyzes the construction parts according to the related building,courtyard wall,courtyard gate,water supply and drainage facilities,courtyard,road and other components.The construction technology of stylobate involves general tamping methods and special treatment methods.The general tamping methods include orientating,excavating and building the foundation trench,tamping in layers,pile up the rammed earth to build a stylobate,slotting and placing the foundation,setting up wooden columns,tamping and forming and so on;Special treatment means that on the basis of general tamping methods,constructing extension structure according to local conditions,adding corresponding technology,and constructing the terraced structure from the bottom or applying board frame technology in rammed earth wall and so on;The materials of the rammers are mainly wood and stone.The construction of house walls mainly includes four types:wall of the cave dwelling,mud wall with wood frame,rammed earth wall and adobe wall,which are used separately or in combination.The setting of columns mainly includes columns outside the wall,wall columns and engaged columns,center columns,eaves columns,corner columns and other different types;The materials of the column foundation include stone,ceramic and rammed earth;The pattern of the column grid has undergone from irregular to regular sequence.In the courtyard architecture in Neolithic age,the roof of non-cave houses are four-slope pyramid roof,double slope roof or circular roof similar to mongolian yurt.The roof of cave house utilized dome shape.The courtyard architecture like palace and ancestral temple in Xia,Shang and Zhou Dynasties was built with hip roof and double eaves hip roof;Before the Zhou Dynasty,the roof material was mainly thatch.In the early Western Zhou Dynasty,the roof was partially covered with tile,and since Eastern Zhou Dynasty,tile was used to cover a large area of a roof or even a whole roof.Indoor ground treatment mainly includes underlayment layer processing and finishing process.The ground underlayment layer treatment methods roughly include applying mud materials,pad soil compaction and so on;and the finishing is coated with lime.The construction of the courtyard wall can be divided into two types:no trenched foundation or foundation without trench.The gate of the courtyard includes the construction of the main gate,entrance gate and side gate,mainly involving the construction of doorway and attached structure of the door.Water supply and drainage facilities mainly include the construction of wells,waterways,pools and seepage wells.The ground construction of the courtyard mainly includes trampling,digging semi underground cave,paving with soil and so on;There are two kinds of materials for the roads in the courtyard:soil and stone.The fifth chapter is the development and evolution of courtyard architecture.Through a comprehensive analysis of the development stages of pre-Qin courtyard architecture in the Central Plains,it is believed that the Yangshao period is the incubation period,in which the original form of courtyard buildings continues to appear,after a long period of incubation,finally in the late Yangshao period,the sophisticate form of courtyard architecture appeared;the Longshan period is the formation period,which initially established the courtyard architecture as an important form of higher-level buildings for the ruling class,ordinary people also began to try to build small residential courtyards;the Xia Shang period is a period of development,during this period,courtyard buildings were further developed with large scale and large quantities.Zhou dynasty is the period of maturity.The development of courtyard architecture is closely integrated with the ceremonial system to form relatively unified system.At each stage of development,courtyard buildings present different characteristics in terms of types,planning layouts and construction techniques.It further analyzes the evolution process of palace-style courtyard architecture in terms of the main entrance of the courtyard,the main hall,the enclosure structure and the axial symmetrical layout.It believes that the forms of pre-Qin palace-style courtyard architecture in the Central Plains are not only sharing the same origin,but also have their own characteristics in different periods.It is laying the basic pattern of traditional "palace architecture" in China.The sixth chapter is the analysis of the ideological connotation and artistic characteristics of courtyard architecture.This paper discusses the ideological connotation of courtyard architecture from four aspects:valuing "centre" and advocating "square",seeking "harmony" from "positive","virtual" and "real" living together,provide "defense" and surrounding "private".It analyzes its artistic characteristics from three aspects:the formal beauty of courtyard architecture,the spatial rhythm and the beauty suitable for "dynamic" and "static".It holds that while providing material living function,courtyard architecture also contains profound His spiritual pursuit and rich aesthetic interest.The seventh chapter is the conclusion.This paper summarizes the contents and achievements of this study,and points out the shortcomings and future research directions.