A Study On The Historical Geography Of My Country's Modern Newspaper Industry (1815-1911

Newspapers and periodicals are one of the products of modern society.Their emergence and development depend on the joint action of politics,economy,culture and other factors;At the same time,as the carrier and tool of information reporting,political expression and ideological and cultural communication,newspapers and periodicals are also the main driving force of modern social development and play an important role in various social changes.This paper,from the perspective of historical geography,combs and summarizes the temporal and spatial evolution law and dynamic mechanism of China’s modern newspaper industry from 1815 to 1911,including the relocation of publishing places at home and abroad,the location of publishing places in different types of cities,the expansion of distribution scope,newspaper reading and cultural landscape construction,the renewal of time concept,the change of world cognition,the change of publishing space,the change of publishing space,the change of publishing space,the change of publishing space,the change of publishing space,the change of publishing space,the This paper discusses the generation and evolution of newspapermen,deeply analyzes the internal relationship between the space-time evolution of modern newspaper industry and social change,and reveals their interaction.This paper mainly discusses from three parts.The first part mainly focuses on the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics and motivation of the publishing place and distribution scope of China’s newspaper industry from the birth of the first modern newspaper in 1815 to 1911.From the macro point of view,the change of the location of the publishing sites of modern newspapers and periodicals in China can be divided into four stages:the distribution of trading ports in the southeast coast,the five major newspaper bases along the Yangtze River,the national expansion centered on Shanghai,and the parallel period at home and abroad.From the perspective of the driving force of the evolution of time and space,the identity of newspapermen and major events promoted the change of publishing places.For a long time,China’s modern newspaper industry was mainly founded by foreign newspapermen.After the reform movement,there was a upsurge of Chinese people running newspapers.The differences in identity and ideas directly decided the choice of publishing places;At the same time,Protestant Missionaries’ entry into China,the two Opium Wars and the opening of port cities,the defeat of the Sino Japanese War of 1894 and the development of the reform movement,the Boxer Rebellion,the implementation of the new deal and the preparation for constitutionalism and other social changes also promoted the temporal and spatial evolution of the publishing place.From the middle point of view,under the influence of external forces,the urban development mode of the late Qing Dynasty was divided into two types:trading port city and traditional city.This paper takes Shanghai and Beijing as typical cases to analyze.The modern cities represented by Shanghai have laid a good foundation for the development of the newspaper industry from the aspects of economic foundation,information demand,talent supply and consumer groups;At the same time,because of the conflict of different news ideas between the western countries and the Qing government,the location of newspapers was mainly concentrated in the concession,which was the result of the modern newspapermen’s profit seeking choice in the location space.The traditional cities represented by Beijing were suppressed by the administrative power of the Qing government,and the development speed of modern newspapers and periodicals was very slow before the reform movement.The reform movement,especially after the gradual implementation of the new deal in the late Qing Dynasty,achieved rapid development,and its location was affected by the traditional layout of the city.As far as the distribution scope is concerned,it mainly presents the evolution characteristics of "from the center to the edge".The distribution scope of China’s modern newspaper industry can be divided into two stages:the main stage is local,the auxiliary stage is foreign,and the equal stage is local and foreign.In the first stage,the local distribution mainly includes door-to-door collection,newspaper delivery and tie-in sale,while the external distribution mainly includes three forms,i.e.Minxin Bureau,daipai office and branch library.The second stage is mainly the expansion of the distribution space in other cities.New means of transportation,new means of communication and Qing post all play a certain role.In addition,scholar network is a special way in the process of publishing in modern China.The second part mainly analyzes from the perspectives of newspapermen and readers.From the perspective of newspapermen,China’s modern newspaper industry originated from foreign newspapermen,which can be divided into two categories:missionaries and businessmen,corresponding to two purposes of missionary and business.Under the guidance of different ideas,missionary newspapermen are more distributed in trading ports than foreign newspapermen.They pay attention to the use of superficial Confucian way to strengthen communication with readers,and open the enlightenment to Chinese newspapermen through interpersonal network.The native place of Chinese newspapermen was related to the economic structure of the late Qing Dynasty,the abolition of the imperial examination and the two upsurges of Chinese running newspapers.The identity of Chinese newspapermen was gradually recognized by the society.They lived in Shanghai,Hong Kong,Guangzhou and other important cities in China,as well as overseas areas such as Japan,the United States and Nanyang.The way of gathering also experienced a change from the same hometown and province to the same interests.From the perspective of readers,officials,gentry,ordinary people and other different groups correspond to different reading scenes and cultural landscapes.With the expansion of newspapers and periodicals,traditional Chinese cultural landscapes such as yamen,Academy,society,teahouse,theater and restaurant have changed and merged,new space has appeared and original functions have expanded;The public library and school library,which mainly serve the officials,gentry and new intellectuals,are a brand-new cultural landscape.They were introduced into China by foreign missionaries in the 1840s,and built in many places throughout the country under the joint promotion of the gentry and the government in the 20th century;In the background of new deal and preparatory constitutionalism,newspaper reading agencies and propaganda offices for ordinary people are promoted.Among them,newspaper reading agencies are mainly founded by gentry,while propaganda offices are more official.The formation mechanism of these cultural landscapes is reflected in the interaction of top-down and bottom-up.The third part mainly analyzes the influence of the time and space evolution of modern newspaper industry from the perspective of time and space.Time is one of the dimensions of social development.The modern press industry itself has a strong time attribute.In the case of the conflict between Chinese and Western civilizations in the late Qing Dynasty,the modern press introduced and spread the western concept and system of time from the aspects of chronology,calendar,time and second system,worship and so on,and had an important impact on the politics,economy,customs and organizational forms of the late Qing Dynasty.In addition,the space-time construction function of newspapers and periodicals can effectively influence the audience’s cognition of the external world.The effective communication of foreign newspapermen to the audience in the late Qing Dynasty began with geographical knowledge and reports from all over the world,and then spread to other fields.Under the situation of great changes,Chinese people’s cognition of the relationship between China and the world in the late Qing Dynasty was constantly changing.From officials searching,translating and reading newspapers to Chinese people running newspapers,newspapers became the main channel to observe,understand and adjust the external environment.This paper also takes Tieliang’s going south as a case to analyze the phenomenon of the gentry group’s national identity digestion under the influence of the concept of "the contradiction between the north and the South",so as to confirm its space-time construction function and its great role in social improvement and revolution.In a word,the comprehensive expansion of modern newspaper industry in publishing place,distribution scope and audience group is the prerequisite for its strong influence;At the same time,its evolution in time and space also led to various social changes in the late Qing Dynasty to a certain extent.