The Effects Of Heredity And Parental Control On Creativity

Creativity can be attributed to genetic and environmental influences.With the development of molecular genetics and the rise of interdisciplinary research,one of the leading issues in the field of creativity research is to identify the genetic basis of creativity and elucidate the possible mechanism through which it cooperates with environment to influence creativity.Previous studies merely selected a few candidate genes（genetic polymorphisms）in dopamine and5-hydroxytryptamine systems to investigate their interact effects with parenting.Despite several significant genetic polymorphisms-parenting interactions were found,the effect sizes were rather small（2%or so）,so it is far from fully reveal genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying creativity.The main problem is that the research results are greatly influenced by population variation,and the explanation of the genetic basis of creativity is much lower than the expectation of behavioral genetics.In recent years,with the development of genotyping technology,researchers gradually began to search for genes related to creativity in the whole genome.The results showed that creativity may be affected by multiple polymorphic loci of multiple genes,that is,creativity may be polygenic.But how these loci interact with each other and how they interact with the environment in creativity is largely unknown.The present study,therefore,planned to systematically examine the effect of genes and environments（parental control）on creativity.The present study is to investigate the effects of genetic variations、parental control and their interactions on creativity with a sample of 1353 healthy unrelated undergraduate students in Jinan,Shandong Province.Data analysis procedures and contents are as follows.Firstly,we conducted quality control analysis using the genome-wide SNP data.1313 undergraduate students and 309039 SNP were processed into the following association analysis.The data analysis of this study includes two aspects:the prediction of gene to creativity and the prediction of creativity by the interaction between gene and parental control.In terms of examining the predictive role of genes in creativity,single polymorphism genome wide association analysis was firstly conducted to gain each effect of individual SNP on creativity.And polygenic score（PGS）was constructed and used to examine its effect on creativity.Then gene-based and gene-set based analysis were conducted respectively in order to obtain more comprehensive and valuable information about the genetic basis of creativity.To examine gene-environment interaction effect on creativity,we firstly conducted genome wide SNP-parental control interaction analysis to find susceptible genes and construct PGS using their effect values according to the results from GWAS to represent the environmental susceptibility of creativity.Then,we examined the interaction of PGS and parental control on creativity using hierarchical regression analysis and examine whether the PGS×parental control interaction conformed to diathesis-stress or differential susceptibility model using re-parametrized regression model.Finally,this study also examined the interaction of all single functional genes and gene sets in the genome with parental control to provide useful information on the potential physiological mechanisms of gene and environment effects on creativity.The following are the main findings:（1）Genome wide single SNP association analysis results indicated:there were 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs）of 8 genes associated with fluency,such as ADD2rs13416248、SLC24A3 rs73124841 and TENM2 rs2194157;there were 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs）of 11 genes associated with flexibility,such as ADD2 rs13416248、IQSEC3 rs2291922、OBSCN rs781182312;there were 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs）of 16 genes associated with originality,such as ADD2 rs13416248、DSEL rs11151371、SAXO1 rs10963842、TMEM74 rs281749.(p<5×10^-5).（2）Polygenic analysis results indicated:polygenic score（PGS）was significantly associated with creativity;the combined effects of above significant SNPs（from（1））explained 9.2%,11.9%,15.7%variation in fluency,flexibility and originality.（3）Genome wide gene-based association analysis results indicated:GJC2 gene and IBA57 gene were associated with flexibility;DSEL was associated with originality.(p<5×10^-5).（4）Genome wide gene-set based association analysis results indicated:GO:0061051（Positive regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development）was associated with fluency which included 8 genes in the present study such as MTOR,EDN1,DDX39B;GO:0009310（Amine catabolic process）was associated with originality which included 21 genes such as ATP2B4,KMO,HAAO,ACMSD,HNMT.Both of them passed multiple corrections.（5）Genome wide single SNP-parental control interaction analysis results indicated:there were17 single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs）of 16 genes interacted with psychological control to predict fluency,such as RBFOX1 rs7198604、CSMD2 rs72889809 and SVEP1 rs9969718;there were 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs）of 13 genes interacted with parental psychological control to predict flexibility,such as ABCB11 rs7577650、SVEP1 rs9969718、RBFOX1 rs7198604、MIR924HG rs525776;there were 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs）of 11 genes interacted with parental psychological control to predict originality,such as ABCB11 rs7577650、CDK8P2 rs7591933、CPT1A rs10750836;there were 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs）of 16 genes interacted with parental behavioral control to predict fluency,such as CAMK4 rs2288397、ASTN2 rs4091697、CNTNAP4 rs7202343、JARID2 rs7757613;there were 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs）of 10 genes interacted with parental behavioral control to predict flexibility,such as CAMK4 rs2288397、ASTN2 rs4091697、SNX14rs9294317、SYNCRIP rs9444252;there were 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs）of 13genes interacted with parental behavioral control to predict originality,such as CAMK4rs2288397、ASTN2 rs4091697、HCRTR2 rs12194055.(p<5×10^-5).（6）PGS-parental control interaction analysis results indicated:PGS interacted with parental psychological control to predict flexibility and originality,which explained 0.7%and 0.6%variation in flexibility and originality;and the interaction patterns conformed to diathesis-stress model.PGS interacted with parental behavioral control to predict fluency,flexibility and originality,which explained 11.9%,5.7%,8.7%variation in fluency,flexibility and originality;and the interaction patterns conformed to differential susceptibility model.（7）Genome wide single gene-parental control interaction analysis results indicated:LPIN1interacted with parental psychological control to predict fluency;PABPN1L、GALNS、NOSTRIN、OR12D2、TRAPPC2L interacted with parental psychological control to predict flexibility.ASTN2 interacted with parental behavioral control to predict fluency;ASTN2、GPX3、ATP10A interacted with parental behavioral control to predict flexibility;ZADH2、NDUFS8 interacted with parental behavioral control to predict originality.（8）Genome wide gene set-parental control interaction analysis results indicated:11 gene-sets were found to interact with parental psychological control to predict creativity.Previous study showed that these genes were involved in negative regulation of chromosome organization（GO:2001251）、negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle（GO:0045930）、negative regulation of chromosome segregation（GO:0051985）、negative regulation of nuclear division（GO:0051784）、regulation of cell cycle phase transition（GO:1901987）、regulation of telomere capping（GO:1904353）、negative relation of metaphase anaphase transition of cell cycle（GO:1902100）、negative regulation of chromosome organization（GO:2001251）、regulation of cell cycle phase transition（GO:1901987）,regulation of telomere capping（GO:1904353）、spindle microtubule（GO:0005876）.However,all of them did not survived multiple correction.The present study is the first to systematically investigate the effect of genetic factors and parental control on creativity using genome wide data.It better revealed the generation of creativity from two aspects of gene and gene-parental control interaction.Firstly,the predictive effect of genes on creativity is tested from four levels:SNP,polygenic score,single gene and gene set.The explanation rate of polygenic score on creativity variation is much higher than that of single gene locus,which provides new evidence for polygenesis of creativity.These creativity-related genes may affect creativity through affecting the development of synapses,neurons,heart,brain,and amine metabolism,which deepened our understanding of the neurophysiological mechanism of gene effect on creativity.Then,this study examined the gene-environment interaction,specifically,it tested the interaction of single SNP,polygenic score,single gene,gene set and parental control on creativity,respectively.It proved that creativity is a complex trait influenced by multi genes and environmental factors,and the interaction pattern tends to conform to different susceptibility models,which provides a strong empirical support for multi gene-environment interaction of creativity.Besides,these genes and parental control may affect creativity by affecting synaptic plasticity,synaptic activity,neuronal development and maturation,cell division and so on,which provides a preliminary research idea and direction for exploring the potential physiological mechanism of genes and environment affecting creativity.Finally,many significant genes found in the present study were associated with mental illness such as schizophrenia,bipolar disorder and depression,and these results to some extent support and extend the shared vulnerability model of creativity and psychopathology.It provides more reliable molecular genetic evidence for the model,and provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the relationship between creativity and mental illness,influencing factors and deep biological mechanism.