Preparation,Quality Evaluation Of Fermented Chenopodium Album L. With Compound Probiotics And Enzyme And Its Mechanism On Improving Growth Performance Of Broilers

In this study,we established the fermentation process and the quality evaluation method based on image technology of Chenopodium album L.(CAL),analyzed the changes of the main components of CAL before and after fermentation,and preliminarily explored the mechanism of fermented CAL(FCAL)affecting broiler growth.The results of six experiments are as follows:Exp.1 Producing of fermented CAL by bacteria coupled with enzymeThis experiment was aimed to established the fermentation process of CAL by the synergistic fermentation of bacteria and enzymes.The enzyme type and dosage of FCAL were screened taking contents of polyphenols and polysaccharide as indexes,optimizing the fermentation conditions.The Plackett-Burman test combined with the steepest ascent test was used to screen the fermentation auxiliary materials and their dosages,and the content of polysaccharide and polyphenol and microstructure of CAL and FCAL were further compared.FCAL with 75.5% CAL,20% corn flour,0.5% cinnamon powder,4%(4000U)pectinase,1‰ complex probiotics(Bacillus subtilis: Lactobacillus plantarum:Saccharomyces cerevisiae = 1:1:1)was identified as the best formulation.The optimum condition for CAL fermentation temperature were 28°C,solid-water ratio was 50% and fermentation time was 24 h.The results showed that,the optimal fermentation temperatures,time and solid-water ratio were 85°C,90 min,and 1: 40,respectively.Under these conditions,the polysaccharide and polyphenol contents of FCAL were 229.33 mg/g and19.24 mg/g,respectively.Exp.2 Evaluation of the quality of FCAL based on image technologyThe purpose of this experiment was to establish FCAL classification model based on image technology for fast and accurate quality control.According to the results of exp.1,the polysaccharide content ≥ 200 mg/g was defined as qualified FCAL,and the polysaccharide content < 200 mg/g was defined as unqualified FCAL.The 5235 FCAL images were divided into 1045 eligible and 4190 ineligible.FCAL database and Transformer evaluation model were self-built by 3664 sheets as the training set and 1571 sheets as the validation set.The FCAL database and Transformer evaluation model were used to accurately evaluate the quality of FCAL.The accuracy of the overall model training set is 98.6%,and the accuracy of the validation set is 98.1%.Exp.3 Analysis of active components of FCAL by synergistic fermentation of bacterial enzymesThe purpose of this experiment was to compare the changes of active components of CAL before and after fermentation,and to provide a basis for the development and utilization of FCAL.The components of CAL and FCAL polysaccharides were analyzed by liquid chromatography,and the phenolic compounds of CAL and FCAL were analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.The results showed that the content and proportion of FCAL polysaccharide were changed by the fermentation.The changed molar ratio of mannose,ribose,rhamnose,glucuronic acid,galacturonic acid,glucose,galactose,xylose,arabinose and fucose was 2.11: 0.10: 3.37:1.31: 6.30: 65.22: 3.82: 12.81: 4.65: 0.31.The total content of FCAL polysaccharide increased by 51.11%.206 kinds of phenolic compounds were detected with significant differences in CAL and FCAL,contains 99 kinds of phenolic acids,92 kinds of flavonoids and 15 kinds of lignans and coumarins.Compared with CAL,127 kinds of phenolic compounds in FCAL showed down-regulation,and 79 kinds of phenolic compounds in FCAL showed significant up-regulation.The molecular weight of that up-regulation compound is relatively large,while the molecular weight of the down-regulation compound is relatively small.It indicates that large molecular phenolic compounds could be degrade by fermentation into the small molecular phenolic compounds.Exp.4 Effect of FCAL on performance and blood indexes in broilersThe purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of dietary supplementation with FCAL on the production performance and blood index of broilers.A total of 160 dayold AA broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 5 replicates per group and 8broilers per replicate.Groups were fed corn-soybean meal basal diet,and experimental diets supplemented with 2%,4% and 8% FCAL,respectively.The experiment lasted for 42 d and was divided into two stages of d 1-21 and d 22-42.The results showed that dietary supplementation with FCAL can improve growth performance,leg muscle percentage,shear force of breast,water loss rate of leg and lightness.FCAL also can improve IGF-1,Ig A,and Ig M levels in the blood,while decreasing IL-1 and IL-8 levels.Exp.5 Effect of FCAL on the apparent nutrient metabolic rate and intestinal morphology in broilersThe experiment aimed to investigate dietary supplementation with FCAL on apparent nutrient metabolic rate and intestinal morphology in broilers,and to further clarify the mechanism of FCAL on broiler growth.The results showed that dietary supplementation with FCAL can improve DM,CP,EE apparent nutrient metabolic rate,increased the villus height and villus crypt ratio in the intestine,and significantly reduced the crypt depth.8g/kg FCAL had the strongest effect in reducing the depth of jejunal crypts and improving the velvet crypt ratio in broilers.Dietary FCAL the inclusion of FCAL in the diet also decreased the content of serum D-lactic acid level in broilers at 42 days.Exp.6 Effect of FCAL on intestinal flora and short-chain fatty acid concentration in broilersThis experiment aimed to investigate dietary supplementation with FCAL on intestinal microflora and short chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in broilers,and to further clarify the mechanism of FCAL on broiler growth.The results showed that dietary FCAL did not affect the structure of ileal microflora in broilers.Dietary FCAL supplementation increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota,Acidobacteria,Bacteroides,Alcanivorax and Lactobacillus of caecum microflora at the age of 42 days and decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria.Dietary FCAL supplementation increased the content of SCFAs in ileal and cecal chyme of broilers.In summary,CAL tissue structure could be destroyed by fermentation with probiotics and pectinase,lead to the content and ratio of monosaccharide composition in polysaccharides composition and the content and ratio of phenolic compounds were changed.Under this condition,the content and quality of FCAL could be improve.Dietary FCAL supplementation could improve performance by regulating the intestinal flora structure of broilers and the production of SCFAs,improve the morphological structure of the intestinal tract,increase the apparent metabolic rate of nutrients and play a role in improving the production performance of broilers.