| The improvement of transportation infrastructure will affect economic growth and regional economic structure.As a mode of transportation,which significantly reduces the cost of "face-to-face" communication between personnel,HSR will inevitably have an impact on the regional economic structure of China.The report of the 20 th CPC National Congress emphasizes the need to build a regional economic layout with complementary advantages and high-quality development.The gradual formation of HSR network will connect more cities and regions in China,so HSR will have a structural impact on the regional economy.Although currently around HSR opening on the study of regional economic and city economic structure is quite rich,but in a focus differences very big ——HSR opening narrowed or widened the gap between cities(agglomerations).Its important significance lies in that the opening of HSR reduces the flow cost of factors and commodities between cities and regions,and causes the deeper flow of factors and commodities.However,whether the effect of this reduction is balanced between cities and regions,or makes the connected cities and regions gradually move towards equilibrium.Therefore,the structural impact of the opening of HSR and the impact on the coordinated regional development should be studied,and on this basis,targeted transportation strategies,regional development and measures should be adopted.This paper holds that the traffic of HSR can improve the traffic efficiency,promoting economic growth.Therefore,for a city or urban agglomeration,the opening of high-speed rail will have an "exogenous" economic impact on the city and urban agglomeration — — and enhance the fluidity of production factors.Resource elements and market participants will respond to the "exogenous" benefits brought by HSR —— If it bring positive "externality" benefits,resource elements and market participants will actively strive for the coverage of "externality" benefits of HSR;if it bring negative "externality" loss,resource elements and market participants will avoid the coverage of "exogenous" loss of HSR.In a fully competitive market environment,enterprises and residents gathered to the area will compete to rent the role of HSR,pushing up the price of urban land rent — — land price.Eventually,the economic impact of HSR exogenous shocks will be expressed in the form of land price.Therefore,the research and analysis of the influence of land prices of different types of cities and urban agglomerations by the opening of HSR and the regular differences between various types can reflect the structural impact of the opening of HSR in the regional economic level from a certain perspective.The research objects of this paper are as follows:1.This paper mainly studies the relationship between the opening of HSR and the price of city(agglomeration)residential land.This paper studies the heterogeneity change of land rent level in cities(agglomerations)brought by HSR,and reflects the structural function characteristics of HSR opening.The land rent studied in this paper is mainly reflected from the land price.The city construction land is divided into industrial land,commercial land and residential land.The first two serve the industrial project,after the transfer of residential construction land,the subsequent tax,employment,economic development and economic achievements are not obvious.From the financial point of view,the transfer of residential land is a "one-time" sale,so local governments are motivated to sell as high as possible.Therefore,it can be considered that the transfer behavior of residential land is more market-oriented and can better reflect the "competitive rent" behavior of the demand side.The comparison of the transfer price changes of residential land between cities(agglomerations),the heterogeneous impact of the HSR opening on the cities(agglomerations)can be seen.2.This paper mainly studies the price changes of residential land in urban areas and city areas.Urban areas refer to municipal districts(usually only subordinate areas of cities)and cities refer to urban administrative areas(including subordinate counties).Some studies believe that the role of HSR opening in cities(regions)is within a certain area centered on HSR stations,so it is necessary to distinguish urban areas and citie areas.In addition,the theoretical assumption of this paper is that the opening of HSR changes the accessibility of production factors and leads to the factor flow.Generally speaking,the factor density in the urban area is higher than that in the city area,so it is necessary to distinguish between the urban area and the city area.3.This paper studies the heterogeneity of residential land price changes between cities(agglomerations).The impact of HSR opening on the city(agglomerations)economy and land price has been relatively mature,but the heterogeneous impact on different cities(agglomerations)is controversial.First,in the city dimension,the first-tier(including the new first-tier)cities,second-tier cities and low-tier(third-tier and below)are divided to find the heterogeneous impact of HSR opening.Second,in the dimension of urban agglomeration,with the development level and geographical location(whether in the east,whether in the south)as the distinguish,the heterogeneous impact of the opening of HSR is investigated again.Third,through the spatial measurement analysis,the spatial influence of the opening city on the urban agglomeration and the metropolitan circle after the opening of the HSR is studied.The research content and conclusions of this paper are as follows:1,Taking 223 cities of different grades in China from 2011 to 2018,in the change of residential land transfer price,the increase of the price in HSR city is faster than that without HSR,and the price in first-tier(including new first-tier)and second-tier cities increases faster.Therefore,the opening of HSR at the city level,widened the gap between cities.(1)Taking 223 cities as a sample,HSR has a positive impact on the growth of residential land prices in city and urban areas from the 3rd year of its opening,lasting at least 5th year after its opening.(2)When cities are divided into high-tier cities(including first-tier,new first-tier and second-tier cities)and low-tier cities(third-tier and below),the positive impact of HSR opening on the land price of high-tier cities is more obvious.First,the effect time is earlier,second,the influence coefficient is larger.(3)After classificated the high-tier cities into first-tier and second-tier cities,it shows that the opening of HSR has a more significant impact on first-tier cities,and the impact lasts longer.(4)From the perspective of residential land prices by city and urban area,the higher the city grade,the urban land price is more sensitive to the opening of HSR opening.(5)Taking the permanent urban residents and the loan balance of financial institutions as the mechanism test,it is also found that the positive impact of HSR opening is more obvious on high-tier cities,especially first-tier(including new first-tier)cities.2,using the 15 city agglomerations in 2011-2018 statistics in China.Exploratory respectively in HSR opening number of city for the proportion of urban agglomeration,HSR opening urban area accounted for the proportion of 1/2,HSR urban economic scale proportion of urban agglomeration as the division of HSR openning.This paper studied the HSR opened of city area and urban residential land price changes.At the same time,the structural division of urban agglomeration is studied from the perspective of the development degree and the location factors of urban agglomeration.(1)The residential land price of mature city agglomerations provided by HSR opening has increased significantly,city opening widened the gap between mature urban agglomerations and non-mature ones.(2)It cannot be proved that the opening of HSR will increase the price of residential land in city agglomerations located in the eastern,and may narrow the gap.(3)The HSR opening has opened the gap between the north and the south.Due to the opening of the HSR,the price of residential land in the southern city agglomeration has increased significantly faster than that in the northern.(4)Similar conclusions will be drawn by mechanism testing with the growth of urban permanent resident population and commercial housing sales.3,By taking 249 cities,12 urban agglomerations and 16 metropolitan areas as the research objects,this paper gradually find the spatial effect logic of the heterogeneous influence of HSR opening,and the spatial effect and direct effect of HSR were mainly investigated by using the spatial Dubin model(SDM)in spatial measurement.(1)Under the research sample of 249 cities,the results show that not only HSR opening has a direct impact on the price level of urban residential land,but also has a spatial effect,increasing the price of residential land in urban areas and adjacent cities respectively.(2)With 12 city agglomerations as the research samples,firstly,the "optimization and promotion" city agglomeration in southeast China shows a significant positive spatial effect;secondly,the opening of HSR shows a negative spatial effect in other "optimization and promotion" city agglomerations,including the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration,the city agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River;for the categories of "developing and expanding" and "cultivating and developing",the spatial effect of HSR is basically negative.(3)Taking the 16 metropolitan areas as the research sample,the spatial effect of HSR is positive in some central and western areas.In the metropolitan areas,the spatial effect coefficient of HSR in the metropolitan areas located in northern China is mainly negative,while the ones in southern China are positive and negative.Considering the above conclusions,this paper suggests that,the opening of HSR promotes the flow-in of production factors to cities with a high level of economic development.If a region contains several cities with high levels of development,the region will be holistic.At the level of urban agglomeration,the opening of HSR leads to the price of residential land in city agglomerations rising faster than that in other regions.But if a region contains fewer cities with a higher level of development,will open up a gap within the region,leading to the flow of production factors from other cities in the region to a few core cities,while it looks to boost residential land prices in the region in the short term.But it actually sacrifices the development space of non-core cities.In the long run,the price of residential land in this urban agglomeration is not as high as that in other urban agglomerations.This paper puts forward 3 types of policy suggestions.(1)Change the current HSR planning preferentially linking Chinese big cities and developed cities.For some small and medium-sized cities and relatively underdeveloped cities,the national level can give priority to the layout of HSR lines;developed regions and cities with strong financial strength are given free decision-making power in planning and construction within a certain area.(2)Optimize the development strategy of metropolitan areas and urban agglomerations,respect the current close connection between cities in terms of industries and population commuting,reasonably define the coverage of metropolitan areas and urban agglomerations,carry out relevant reform of administrative divisions,and innovate the inter-city cooperation mechanism among cities.(3)Improve the use efficiency of urban construction land,and promote the renovation of the old urban areas in the central areas of developed cities;optimize the supply structure of urban construction land index,give more residential land indicators to high-tier cities and central cities to meet the population inflow and residential demand;encourage high-tier cities and central cities to transform industrial land and idle buildings into long-rent apartments,affordable housing to provide more housing supply;as the reality of relatively underdeveloped cities to develop industries,create jobs and retain population with more industrial land indicators supply.There are 3 main innovations in this paper.First,the research perspective of innovation,focus on residential land as the breakthrough point,at the same time,based on part of the literature mentioned HSR opened in urban have structural influence,the residential land is divided into urban land and city land two differentiation research object,can more clearly see HSR opening on the city space involved.Second,the innovation of research content level.In order to find out the heterogeneity impact of HSR opening,this paper studies the grouping of cities,the grouping of city agglomeration,and the spatial effect of HSR opening within the scope of metropolitan circle and urban agglomeration.Through the above three levels of research and analysis,the structural effect of HSR opening can be better seen.Third,the innovation of research methods.Based on whether HSR has changed the circulation of production factors and resources in urban agglomeration,To define the HSR opennning through three perspectives —— that is,the number of cities with HSR accounts for more than 1/2 of the city agglomeration,the total administrative jurisdiction area of cities with HSR accounts for more than 1/2 of the city agglomeration area,the total economic scale of cities with HSR accounts for more than 2/3 of the economic scale of the city agglomeration.It can be briefly understood as the proportion of city number,area proportion and economic proportion of cities affected by the opening of HSR as the critical value.After it is "openning",on the basis of this definition,the heterogeneity effect of HSR opening is analyzed. |
