| Toll station is a critical component of expressway system.On the one hand,it has the inevitable need of its long-term existence,on the other hand,it brings certain negative effects to the efficiency of vehicle traffic and driving safety.Different from the foreign ETC and MTC lane-separated toll construction,toll stations in our country are mostly mixed by ETC and MTC lanes,which make the driving environment in the toll station area more complex and lead to a series of problems,such as traffic congestion,traffic emissions and crash risk.Therefore,exploring the effective methods to ensure the safety of roads in the toll station area and the management strategies to improve the traffic efficiency needs to be put on the agenda.Based on the National Natural Science Foundation project "Research on the impact mechanism and multi-domain collaborative analysis and design of the operation safety and efficiency of hybrid toll stations"(51778141),this study aims to optimize the key parameters in the toll station area,analyze the characteristics of traffic flow and traffic conflicts,evaluate safety and efficiency,and analyze the driving safety mechanisms through mathematical modeling,multi-domain co-simulation,and mathematical statistical analysis.By doing so,we can form a complete research system to improve the current safety level and management efficiency of the toll station area in China.In this study,the work mainly includes the following five parts:(1)Research on the key design parameters of the toll station area and the cause of accident risk.Based on the main factors that affect the safe driving of toll stations,such as the location of toll stations,the lateral stability of vehicles and the visual distance at night,a calculation model of toll station circle radius under different environment scenarios is constructed and compared with the norms and standards.Secondly,we determine the length and width of the toll plaza,and analyze the type and layout of lanes,the location of ETC lanes and the allocation strategy of toll lanes.Thirdly,according to the driver’s sign visual recognition and driving behavior characteristics in the toll station area,combined with safety time and space in the lane changing requirements,mathematical modeling,model verification and example analysis of the location of the ETC front indicator signs are employed.Finally,the risk mechanism of traffic accidents in the toll station area is qualitatively explained based on the environmental factors of the human-vehicle road.(2)Research on regional traffic characteristics of toll stations based on vehicle microscopic trajectory extraction.Taking toll stations connected with urban roads as an example,the research area is extended to a complete section consisting of the upstream and downstream areas of the toll stations.Secondly,a vehicle trajectory extraction algorithm framework based on YOLOv4,SORT and KD-Tree algorithm is developed to obtain vehicle microscopic information such as the complete trajectory of the vehicle in different characteristic road sections.Finally,based on the microscopic trajectory data,the traffic flow characteristics of different characteristic road sections in the upstream and downstream areas of the toll station are explored from the aspects of macro characteristics,speed characteristics,lane changing characteristics,acceleration characteristics,lane selection characteristics and time characteristics.(3)Research on regional safety evaluation and optimization strategy of toll station based on analysis of traffic conflict characteristics.Based on the trajectory data,the conflict measurement scale of this study is defined by using the improved TTC and PET model to meet the traffic conflict measurement and evaluation of vehicles in the toll station area at any time and at any angle.The automatic extraction program of traffic conflict based on micro trajectory data is designed in MATLAB to deeply analyze the characteristics of traffic conflict in the upstream and downstream areas,including the characteristics of the number of traffic conflicts,the spatial distribution and severity of conflicts,the relationship between lane selection,lane changing behavior and traffic conflicts,etc.Secondly,based on VISSIM and SSAM,the simulation analysis model of traffic conflict in the upstream and downstream areas of toll stations is built.From the perspective of comprehensive consideration of safety and efficiency,the influence mechanism of many different types of traffic characteristics on toll station safety is analyzed,and the responsive traffic organization optimization strategy is put forward.(4)Research on the safety of toll stations based on the key dynamic response characteristics of the road.The simulation experiment method based on Adams/Car and Matlab/Simulink was used to model the vehicle-road coupling dynamics.A joint real-time online simulation test system under the vehicle-road coupling environment was established.Secondly,the key dynamic response parameters of vehicle-road coupling are selected as the dynamic consistency analysis index of the toll station ramp standard limit and the consistency is judged.Finally,by obtaining dynamic consistency analysis indicators to explore the changing trends of key response characteristics in different test environments,the selected example are analyzed from the perspective of vehicle-road coordination.(5)Research on toll station ETC promotion strategy considering perceived security risks and self-concept.ETC users and non-ETC users are selected as the study objects,and based on the technology acceptance model,social influence theory,self-concept theory and perceived risk theory,a conceptual model for the research on the mechanism of ETC users/non-ETC users’ willingness to continuous use/use willingness influence factors is constructed.Secondly,the questionnaire was designed to collect data,and the two types of sample data were analyzed and tested by EFA and CFA using AMOS and SPSS software to verify the effectiveness of the model.Research on promotion strategy of toll station considering perceived security risk and self-concept.Selecting ETC users and non-ETC users as the research object,based on technology acceptance model,social impact theory,selfconcept theory and perceived risk theory,this paper constructs a conceptual model for the study of the action mechanism of the influencing factors of ETC users/non-ETC users’ willingness to continue to use / willingness to use.Secondly,a questionnaire was designed to collect data,and EFA and CFA were analyzed and tested by Amos and SPSS software to verify the effectiveness of the model.Finally,through the multi-layer linear regression model method,the intermediary effect of technical characteristics is analyzed,and the mediation effect of self-concept and perceived security risk is tested by using the process modeling tool.Based on the conclusions,the management strategy is proposed to promote the sustainable development of ETC toll station.The relevant research can provide theoretical guidance and method reference for the design of new toll stations,the application of reconstruction and expansion projects,and evaluate the operation of similar complex road nodes.It is of practical significance to deal with the management and operation problems of expressway toll stations in China under the new situation. |
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