| Heavy-ion accelerators play a critical role in pursuing a deeper understanding of nuclear physics.The beam monitoring system,known as the eyes of the accelerators,is an essential part of the accelerator facilities.Its function is to monitor the beam parameters to improve the beam quality.The performance of the beam monitoring system determines the ability of researchers to enhance the quality of the beam.The non-destructive beam monitoring system has been widely used in large accelerator facilities because of its low impact on the beam.In China,the Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou（HIRFL）,the High-Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility（HIAF）,and other large accelerators also put forward an urgent demand for non-destructive high-precision beam monitoring systems,especially in the high vacuum accelerator tubes and the various physical experiment terminals.Silicon pixel detector is the product of the modern electronic industry.It is also one of the most advanced radiation detection technologies.Due to its small pixel size,high integration,low noise,and fast readout speed,the silicon pixel detector has been applied globally in many large-scale physical experimental devices and achieved excellent performance.The Topmetal silicon pixel sensors are independently developed in China.They can directly collect the space charge around the chip without interaction with particles.According to the needs of China’s large scientific facilities,a heavy ion beam non-destructive beam detecting system,the Hi’Beam series beam monitoring system,is proposed in this thesis.The basic principle of the Hi’Beam series is to read out the space charge ionized by the ion beam in the gas in a gain-free manner with the domestic Topmetal pixel sensors.Therefore,it can accurately measure the position and the profile of the ion beams.This thesis mainly discusses the development and application exploration of the Hi’Beam-A system for use in the high vacuum tube of the heavy-ion accelerator and the Hi’Beam-SEE system dedicated to the single event effect experimental terminal at HIAF.Hi’Beam-A is used for beam monitoring in beam vacuum tubes.The difficulty lies in the sparse space charge due to the small amount of residual gas in the accelerator tube.The front-end detector is designed based on the Topmetal-II-pixel detector chip,and a negative electric field is applied above it to collect the ionized electronic signal.The Micro-Channel Plate（MCP）is used to multiply the electronic signal,significantly increasing the number of charges.After the output signal of the detector is passed through the Analog-to-Digital Converter（ADC）,the signal is deserialized,packaged,buffered,and output by the Field Programmable Gate Array（FPGA）,and finally read out by the Data Acquisition（DAQ）software.After the above research,the Hi’Beam-A beam monitoring system was designed,and related electrical tests were carried out.The test results show that the intrinsic performance of the system meets the design requirements.Finally,O3+ions are used to test.Under the test conditions given in the thesis,it is characterized that the accuracy of the beam position measurement of the Hi’Beam-A system reaches the expectation.Hi’Beam-SEE is a beam precise positioning system for the single event effect terminals at HIRFL.The system’s difficulty is realizing the accurate positioning of every ion and the design of high bandwidth data path.Since the system adopts Topmetal-M,the first monolithic silicon pixel chip based on domestic technology in China,the performance of the chip needs to be fully calibrated and analyzed.Due to the smaller pixel size,the test results showed that the chip’s resolution for a single ion track was as designed.Then the front-end detector is designed based on the Topmetal-M chip.Then use the ADC+FPGA solution to develop the front-end readout unit and data summarization unit to read out the detector data.The data of the two detectors are transmitted to the data summarization unit through the optical fiber and then transferred to the computer through the Peripheral Component Interface Express（PCIe）bus.The entire data path has the characteristics of high bandwidth and low latency.Finally,the system design was completed,and the whole detector system was electrically tested.The test proves that the integral nonlinearity of the electronic system is good,and the bit error rate of the transmission interface is low.Finally,the thesis summarizes the relevant research work on the design of the Hi’Beam series beam monitoring system,discusses the potential future work,and then puts forward a feasible upgrade scheme according to the future application requirements. |
