On-site Rapid Detection For Common Acetone Peroxide Explosives

Nowadays,terrorist attacks related to explosions have occurred frequently worldwide,becoming an important factor affecting world peace and development.The preparation process of peroxyacetone explosives is relatively simple,the synthetic raw materials are easy to obtain,the explosive power is huge,and it does not contain nitro and metal elements,making it difficult to be detected by conventional security inspection methods.Therefore,it has become a difficulty and focus of counter-terrorism and explosion-proof work.In addition,such explosives are often residual at trace levels at the scene of cases,and their residual levels also change rapidly.Therefore,there is an urgent need to carry out research related to on-site rapid detection technology.This article is based on the practical needs of"quick investigation and quick resolution"in explosive cases.It systematically studies the environmental stability of two common types of acetone peroxides,namely triacetone trioxide（TATP）and diacetone peroxide（DADP）,and conducts research on the qualitative,quantitative,and distinguishing methods of common acetone peroxides based on chemical colorimetric reactions.It also establishes a traceability technology for acetone peroxides based on on-site rapid inspection equipment,intended to provide technical support for the rapid characterization and investigation of explosive cases.The main research content is as follows:（1）Research on the environmental stability of TATP and DADP.A systematic study was conducted on the residual changes of trace amounts of TATP and DADP under different conditions in an open environment.The results showed that the rate of residual change was related to quality,temperature,and particle size.However,on the surface of cohesive carriers such as soil,clay bricks,and water,the rate of residual change significantly decreased due to adsorption,diffusion,and other effects.The thermal stability of samples synthesized by different processes was compared using TG,Kissinger,and Ozawa methods.The results showed that the thermal decomposition processes of TATP and DADP were similar under N₂ and air atmospheres.The thermal stability of TATP synthesized by catalytic synthesis and recrystallization of non-absorbent acids（HCl,HNO₃）is better than that of TATP synthesized by catalytic synthesis of absorbent acids（H₂SO₄,H₃PO₄,HCl O₄）.The thermal stability of DADP synthesized by water absorbing acid（methylsulfonic acid）catalysis is similar to that of TATP synthesized by water absorbing acid catalysis.In addition,this article studied the conditions and mechanism of TATP conversion to generate DADP.The results showed that there was a conversion phenomenon in TATP synthesized only by absorbent acid catalysis,and the higher the temperature,the faster the conversion rate,while TATP synthesized by non-absorbent acids catalysis did not undergo this conversion.Mechanism analysis shows that the hydrogen bonding interaction between absorbent acids and TATP causes the cyclic structure of TATP to break,resulting in the generation of DADP.（2）Research on the qualitative,quantitative,and distinguishing methods of common acetone peroxides based on chemical colorimetric reactions.This chapter combines the characteristic chemical colorimetric reaction of H₂O₂ with the catalytic decomposition reaction of common peroxyacetone explosives,and systematically conducts on-site rapid detection technology research based on chemical colorimetric reaction,establishing qualitative and quantitative detection methods for common peroxyacetone explosives.The results showed that saturated potassium titanium oxalate（PTO）solution was an ideal color reagent and could be stably stored for 12 months;By investigating 5 types of initiators,a solution of H₂SO₄ with a mass fraction of 60%was found to be the optimal initiator;By reacting the color change of the solution（about 1 second）,rapid qualitative analysis of such explosives can be achieved on site;After about 3 minutes,the color of the mixed solution remains stable,and semi-quantitative or quantitative analysis of such explosives can be achieved through color observation or absorbance analysis.The concentration of TATP shows a good linear relationship in the range of 2.03～800.00 mg/L,with a detection limit of2.16×10^-6 mol/L（0.48 mg/L）for UV vis spectrophotometer and a visual detection limit of7 mg/L;The concentration of DADP exhibits a good linear relationship between 9.47 mg/L and 50.23 g/L,with a LOD for UV-vis is 5.66×10^-5 mol/L（8 mg/L）,with a visual detection limit of 200 mg/L;The specificity experiment shows that the chemical colorimetric method has good specificity in detecting such explosives.Based on the above experimental process and results,a rapid on-site detection kit for peroxidized explosives was designed.By optimizing the concentration of detection reagents and controlling the addition sequence,rapid qualitative detection and mutual differentiation of H₂O₂,TATP,DADP,and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine（HMTD）can be achieved on site;By designing a colorimetric card,quantitative analysis of three types of peroxidized explosives can be achieved.（3）Research on the traceability technology of acetone peroxide explosives based on on-site rapid detection equipment.This chapter selects handheld Raman infrared all-in-one machine,portable ion chromatograph（IC）,and portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）,and innovatively conducts research on the traceability technology of acetone peroxide explosives based on on-site rapid detection equipment,focusing on sample structure information,ion types contained,and the ratio of TATP to DADP.Raman spectroscopy analysis shows that the sample state has a significant impact on the characteristic peaks of the sample.By optimizing the conditions,the detection limit of handheld Raman infrared all-in-one machine for TATP and DADP solid samples can be as low as 2μg;By examining the influence of different carriers on the detection results,it was found that samples on the surface of light-colored carriers can obtain Raman spectral feature information without pre-treatment,while samples on the surface of dark colored carriers are not suitable for Raman spectral analysis due to explosion.The second part of this chapter investigates the feasibility of sample traceability based on portable IC detection of residual inorganic acid ions in samples,explores the impact of different pre-treatment methods on acid ion detection,and systematically conducts qualitative and quantitative detection techniques for residual acid ions in complex matrices such as tap water,river water,and soil.The results showed that ultrasound had no significant effect on the detection of acid ions in the sample;Extraction can increase the response value of anions by about one time;The LOD of Cl^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2-,and Cl O₄^-anions is 0.013～0.067μg/m L;The spiked recovery rates of samples in complex matrices are 97.82%～117.08%.The third part of this chapter investigates the feasibility of sample traceability based on the ratio of TATP to DADP in portable GC-MS detection samples.The results indicate that the LOD of portable GC-MS for TATP and DADP can reach 2.04×10^-5 mol/L（4.53 mg/L）and 4.16×10^-5 mol/L（6.17mg/L）,respectively,with a sample spiked recovery rate of 95.00%～108.00%.This study addresses the technical challenges of rapid on-site detection and traceability of common peroxyacetone explosives,revealing the mechanism of rapid on-site detection and transformation of peroxyacetone explosives.It has important theoretical and practical significance for the rapid identification and prevention of explosive cases and terrorist attacks.