Quantum Secure Communication Based On Quantum State Sharing

Quantum secure communication is a new communication method of information transmission which is based on quantum superposition state and quantum entanglement in physics.Based on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics,the non-cloning theorem of quantum states,and the indistinguishability theorem of non-orthogonal quantum states,quantum secure communication guarantees absolute security that cannot be eavesdropped or cracked by calculation.Main forms of quantum cryptography include quantum key distribution,quantum secret sharing,quantum signature etc.Quantum secure communication uses the quantum state as the information carrier to realize efficient and secure transmission of information,which can theoretically achieve absolute security that cannot be eavesdropped or deciphered.Quantum secret sharing is the extension and development of classical secret sharing theory in quantum communication,and has become an important direction of quantum secure communication research.Quantum secret sharing can share not only classical information,but also quantum state information.Secret sharing of quantum state information is also commonly referred to as quantum state sharing.Based on the in-depth analysis of quantum teleportation,this dissertation focuses on the sharing of quantum state secrets.It mainly studies the quantum state secret sharing scheme through quantum teleportation,focuses on one-way,bidirectional,and cyclic communication of quantum state sharing,analyzes the efficiency and security of the scheme,and then designs a more secure and universal solution.At the same time,the simulated communication experiment was carried out on the IBM quantum computer,which verified the feasibility of the proposed scheme.The scheme proposed in this dissertation can be used for quantum key distribution,and can also be used for quantum state secret sharing and secure communication.This study plays a certain role in promoting the research of quantum state secret sharing.The main achievements and innovations of this study are summarized as follows:(1)In the aspect of one-way quantum state secret sharing,based on the properties of quantum entanglement,a simple and efficient quantum state sharing(QSTUS)scheme is proposed to transmit two unknown quantum states based on six particle entangled states.In this scheme,the sender Alice has two unknown quantum states and expects her four agents to share her quantum states.The analysis shows that the QSTUS program could only be successfully implemented if all agents worked together.At the same time,the algorithm design of the scheme is given.Compared with related quantum state sharing protocols,this scheme has advantages in efficiency and quantum number saving.The scheme of QSTUS is a way of one-way communication of quantum state sharing,which can be used for quantum key distribution or quantum state secret sharing confidential communication.The main application scenarios include data transmission supervised by multiple controllers in quantum communication network,and equity allocation scheme which can only be carried out with the consent of multiple leaders.(2)In the aspect of bidirectional quantum state secret sharing,combining with the idea of controlled quantum teleportation,a bidirectional controlled two single quantum state sharing scheme is proposed.Under the joint control of two controllers,the two parties of communication respectively measure the corresponding quantum Bell states,and they can exchange any single quantum states they have at the same time.In this scheme,all 64 measurement results are given in the dissertation,and the security analysis of the scheme shows that this scheme is more secure.Two efficiency formulas are used to compare the performance of this scheme with multiple bidirectional quantum state sharing schemes.It is found that the efficiency of the scheme proposed in thesis is better than most schemes,and the reliability is improved by introducing the idea of controlling and two controllers.The Bell state measurement and local unitary transformation are required in the process and this scheme is easy to implement experimentally.At the same time,the algorithm design of bidirectional controlled two single quantum state sharing scheme is given.This scheme introduces two controllers,which solves the dictatorship problem of only one controller in the previous schemes.Compared with multiple bidirectional quantum state sharing schemes,it has advantages in many aspects such as efficiency.The bidirectional controlled quantum state sharing scheme proposed in this scheme is a way of quantum state sharing bidirectional communication,which can be used for direct bidirectional quantum secure communication or bidirectional quantum key distribution.(3)In the aspect of cyclic quantum state secret sharing,the first cyclic quantum state sharing scheme is analyzed.Combining controlled quantum communication with cyclic communication,this scheme analyzes in detail the cyclic controlled quantum state secret sharing scheme using ten quantum maximum entangled states as quantum channels,and points out the advantages and disadvantages of the scheme.On this basis,a cyclic controlled quantum state sharing scheme using nine qubit entangled states as quantum channels is proposed.Analysis shows that the cyclic quantum state sharing(CQSTS)scheme can be successfully implemented with 100% probability only when all agents cooperate with each other.The security analysis and performance comparison of the scheme show that the scheme can save entanglement resources because it implements three QSTS schemes simultaneously through one entanglement channel.Secondly,in the scheme,there is a strong correlation among the three QSTS schemes,and the circular QSTS scheme can only be realized when all agents are fully cooperative or trustworthy.In other words,as long as one controller is uncooperative or untrustworthy,the cyclic QSTS scheme cannot be completed.Therefore,the scheme proposed in this scheme is more secure and reliable.At the same time,the algorithm design of loop-controlled quantum state sharing scheme is given.This scheme can be applied to quantum teleportation networks and will play an important role in quantum cryptographic sharing and quantum secure communication.(4)Simulation implementation of quantum state secret sharing protocol.This simulation scheme is completed on IBM Q Experience platform,and the reliability of bidirectional quantum transmission scheme is simulated and verified by the online availability of its real hardware environment.In this scheme,the quantum circuit is created on the IBM Q experimental platform using the quantum gate displayed on the experimental platform,and the generation of Cluster state with four qubits is successfully demonstrated.By constructing the proper quantum circuit,the quantum teleportation circuit is successfully implemented on the IBM quantum computer platform,and the secret sharing of any two qubit quantum states is successfully verified by quantum simulation.By verifying the quantum state secret sharing of any two qubits,successful experimental cases are provided for the schemes of one-way quantum secret communication,bidirectional quantum secret communication and cyclic quantum secret communication proposed in this dissertation,and the feasibility of the proposed quantum state secret sharing secret communication is verified.