Biogeographic Features Of Duchesnea Indica Phytomicrobiomes In Yunnan

Yunnan has different climatic and geographical regions presenting a wide range of altitude gradients from 74 to 6740 m,rich in plant diversity and phytomicrobiomes.Altitudinal gradients served as the “natural laboratories”,can be a useful tool to study plant bacterial and fungal microbiomes and their diversity in D.indica,which are densely found in Yunnan,which inhibits numerous unexplored species of microorganisms.The correlation between the spatio-temporal dynamics of D.indica phytomicrobiomes and those of biotic and abiotic factors in their habitats,and biogeographic features of phytomicrobiomes in Yunnan are explained.The key findings of this research are as follows:· We designed the first-ever study which reported rhizosphere soil fungal community and diversity patterns of D.indica in Yunnan province of China along an altitudinal gradient by using high throughput sequencing techniques.There was a variation across the altitudinal gradient producing very distinct fungal communities.Diversity indexes showed relatively high diversity in medium(1500 to 2500 m a.s.l.)and high altitude(>2500 m a.s.l.)sites,and the minimum fungal diversity at low altitudes.Furthermore,the fungal distribution patterns along the altitude gradient may also show a different behavior by using different microbial community analysis methods.However,it was also observed that fungal community richness and evenness were high at medium altitude sites.The competition and race of survival might be an element in shaping the fungal community patterns,varying biotic and abiotic factors must be the critical drivers of these uncertain fungal growth patterns.· Along the altitude gradient,Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were leading phyla in low and medium altitude sites with 43.50% and 15.32% taxa respectively and53.50% and 8.19% respectively whereas along with Ascomycota and Zygomycota was the second most abundant in high altitude sites group,the proportion of their taxa was 66.13% and 11.13% respectively.Furthermore,our study provided detail of important fungal genera in the rhizosphere of D.indica which are Mortierella,Zopfiella,Gibberella,Fusarium,Ceratobasidium,Didymella,Mycoleptodiscus,Coprinellus,Hygocybe,Knufia,Exidia,Podospora,Exophila,Paraphoma,Preussia,Pyrenochaetopsis,Cyphellophora,Tetraciadium and Bradymyces.· We found the impact of edaphic factors on fungal and bacterial communities from different geographic regions of Yunnan province: E/SE(east/southeast),W/SW(west/southwest),N/NW(north/northwest),C/WC(center/western central),and S/SW(south/southwestern).Biogeographic features against the edaphic factors,the study revealed that the C/WC geographic region showed maximum community diversity whereas S/SW region was slightly behind but showed significant values.E/SE,N/NW,and W/SW regions showed the least community diversity following a steady pattern.Soil p H dominated the explanatory power of the species richness phylogenetic diversity and beta diversity of the fungal community.On the contrary,bacterial diversity is negatively correlated to TWSS(total water soluble salts)and p H and positively correlated to available potassium(AK),hydrolytic nitrogen(HN),and total potassium(TK).Ascomycota was the most dominant phyla averaged53.57% among all five regions whereas Basidiomycota,Zygomycota,and Glomeromycota were the remaining featured phyla.Glomeromycota was absent in S/SW and C/WC geographic regions which are common phyla in alpine soil.Truncatella,Didymella,and Mortierella were found positively correlated with all edaphic factors with summed values 2.2279,1.6539,and 1.6251 respectively.Along with p H,organic matter and hydrolytic nitrogen also showed a positive correlation with fungal diversity.E/SE region was not only prominent in p H range but also balanced ratios of organic matter(OM),hydrolytic nitrogen(HN),available nitrogen(AP),and total nitrogen(TN)were also present in it which makes it a completely suitable zone for fungal growth.HN and OM matter emerged to be the other most important factors as all microbes get their nutrition from it.S/SW region was highest in organic matter contents but p H and other factors were in low contents maybe that’s why fungal alpha diversity was minimal.· In addition,bioinformatics studies revealed the order of bacterial alpha diversity in five different regions of Yunnan province: C/WC > S/SW> N/NW > E/SE > W/SW.The p H didn’t show any drastic variation throughout the whole geographical area and remained slightly acidic to neutral(5-7)which was ideal for most of the microbiota.S/SW was the only region whose average p H was near to acidic(5.97),whereas,in some sites of N/NW region the p H was noted slightly acidic that’s why bacterial community composition showed higher sequencing numbers as compared to fungi.Bacterial taxa turned out to be much diverse and higher in numbers than the fungi.A total of 49 phyla,137 classes,293 orders,584 families,1301 genera,3257 species,and 21,067 bacterial OTUs were found from all the regions.Proteobacteria was the most leading phyla averaging 43.6% whereas S/SW was leading in Proteobacteria averaged 47.77%.The other main phyla were Acidobacteria,Bacteriodetes,Actinobacteria,Chloroflexi,Gemmatimonadetes,Verrucomicrobia,Nitrospirae and Latescibacteria averaged 12.73%,12.57%,12.41%,3.86%,3.84%,2.95%,2.17%,0.69% and 0.49% respectively.· Moreover,we investigated the fungal and bacterial community diversity and compositional variations in the above and below-ground plant compartments of D.indica.The fungal and bacterial alpha diversity analysis indicated that leaves were the most dominant and diverse plant parts of D.indica along with roots.This further proved the fact that due to the higher surface/volume ratio of leaves comparing to roots and soil associated with plant organs,leaves are more diverse,long life,and persistent with shape,color,and nutrient composition as they develop and mature.The bacterial population associated with Duchesnea indica was characterized by the prevalence of two phyla,Cyanobacteria(48%),and Proteobacteria(28%).Cyanobacteria were more abundant in root and above-ground plant samples whereas Proteobacteria showed the same dominance in root and plant-soil associated samples.Likewise,Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most abundant and common fungal phyla.· In addition,we also provided complete bacterial and fungal diversity profiles of different sites of Yunnan province.The order of bacterial diversity:Menglian >Yangbi > Shuangjiang > Pingbian > Yuanyang > Yulong > Longling >Malipo > Ximeng > Lianchang > Yingjiang > Shizong.Moreover,order of fungal diversity was found as: Pingbian > Malipo > Shizong > Ximeng > Yingjiang >Yulong > Shuangjiang > Lianchang > Yangbi > Yuanyang > Longling > Mengliang.