| In the past two decades,locations of China’s manufacturing sectors have kept shifting from the east regions to the west.However,many studies show that while outputs of manufacturing industrues in the west were growing,the productivity disadvantage between the east and the west did not converge.As China’s economy steping in the new normal,the main contradiction has shifted from gross growth to structural adjustment.It is of great theoretical and practical significance to clarify the reasons for the productivity deviation between regions,and to attract and cultivate high-quality firms by giving full play to the comparative advantages among regions,so as to adhere to the supply side reform as the main line and realize multiple strategies such as industrial structure adjustment,industrial efficiency upgrading and regional balanced development.Most of the existing literatures mainly preferred issues about the spatial distribution and the growth of economy with respect to the spatial heterogeneity or the externality of agglomeration economy.The theory of heterogeneous firms studied the spatial sorting of heterogeneous and the distribution of economy and efficiency.According to the heterogeneous firm theory,the heterogeneity of firms in productivity diversify the sorting of location decision-making,which results in the agglomeration of firms in high productivity and the diffusion of firms in low productivity.The sorting of heterogeneous firms could well explain the productivity disadvantage between the east and the west,which can provide a new policy reference for the regional and industrial development of China under the new normal.This chapter develpos the heterogeneous firm theroy and focuse on the sorting of heterogeneous firms and sectors.The main contents and conclusions of this chapter are as follows:(1)Theory and literature review.This part reviews the development of the existing theories about agglomeration economy and focuses on the frontiers of heterogeneous firm theory.Neoclassicism emphasizes the technology externality of agglomeration economy;new economic geography mainly studied the endogeneity and currency externality of the source power of agglomeration economy.Firms with heterogeneity productivity choose different regions.Firms with high productiviy prefer locating in the core region while firms with low porductivity choose to locate in the periphery region.The sortings of heterogeneous firms are also endogenously determined.Industrial policy,consumer preference,transportation cost and location heterogeneity are important factors that affect the sortings of heterogeneous firms.(2)Study of the agglomeration characteristics of manufacturing sectors and the spatial sorting of heterogeneous firms.The main contents of this chapter are as follows:(1)based on the data of China’s manufacturing industries,this chapter analyzes the evolution of China’s manufacturing industry’s overall spatial center of gravity after the reform and opening up,the evolution of the spatial distribution of manufacturing industry’s output in the three major economic zones,and the industrial spatial agglomeration characteristics based on the modified E-G index.(2)based on the micro data of China’s industrial firms,this chapter studies the spatial distribution of China’s manufacturing efficiency and the spatial sorting phenomenon of heterogeneous firms.Firstly,LP method is used to calculate the productivity of firms and analyze the distribution characteristics of productivity.Secondly,based on the distribution characteristics of heterogeneous firms and the correlation between the distribution characteristics of productivity and agglomeration characteristics,this chapter analyzes the heterogeneous firms of China’s manufacturing industries Space selection phenomenon.The results show that: first,both the characteristics and trends of industrial agglomeration show significant differences between sectors.Secondly,there is a significant charateristic in spatial sorting of heterogeneous firms,which is embodied in the following aspects: there is no consistent positive correlation between the agglomeration,the market size and the productivity in the sector level,and there is a consistent correlation between the kurtosis and skewness of productivity distribution.Third,fat-tailed distribution in productivity between sectors are detected,whose kurtosis is negatively correlated with E-G index and skewness is negatively correlated with E-G index;there are less firms with low productivity in large market than in small market.(3)A model of the spatial sorting with heterogeneous firms and sectors.Based on the heterogeneous theory,this chapter propoese a model of the spatial sorting with heterogeneous firms and sectors with agglomeration economy included.This chapter studies:(1)the spatial sorting of heterogeneous sectors;(2)the spatial sorting of heterogeneous firms under different modes of spatial sorting of heterogeneous sectors;(3)the impact of market integration on heterogeneous sectors and the spatial sorting of heterogeneous firms within sectors.We find that: first,the spatial sorting of heterogeneous sectors will break the typical core-periphery economic structure.The industry with decreasing of fixed cost gathers in the core area,while the marginal increasing industry of fixed cost begins to spread to the peripheral area.Secondly,in the process of spatial sorting of heterogeneous sectors,the migration power of high productivity firms is stronger than that of low productivity firms;firms with high productivity moving to the periphery area do not aim to avoid competition,but to choose the best location considering the agglomeration economy and comparative advantage.Third,market integration is a prerequisite for the upgrading of industrial structure and the optimization of resource allocation.Local protection and trade barriers hinder the sorting of heterogeneous sectors and provide living space for firms with low productivity.(4)Empirical test of spatial sorting of heterogeneous sectors under the influence of agglomeration economy.The main task of this part is to test the conclusion one and conclusion two of the theoretical model.The main contents are as follows:(1)propose the non-linear production function system model including the agglomeration economy;construct the factor agglomeration elasticity index and the factor output elasticity index.(2)main regression of the production function cost share using the seemingly unrelated estimation methord and the robust test.(3)based on the results of main regression,calculate the elasticity index.The factor output elasticity is used to test the spatial sorting of heterogeneous sectors.Test the spatial sorting of heterogeneous firms.The results show that: first,technology intensive type 1 industry has the characteristics of capital marginal investment increasing with the level of agglomeration,while technology intensive type 2 and labor-intensive capital marginal investment decreasing with the level of agglomeration.Second,the analysis of the elasticity of output agglomeration and the quantile regression of productivity shows that for technology intensive industries and labor-intensive industries,the output growth brought by the improvement of agglomeration level is increasing,and the promotion effect of agglomeration on high productivity firms is higher than that of low productivity firms,and high productivity firms show the trend of agglomeration.Third,for technology intensive industries,the output growth brought about by the improvement of agglomeration level is decreasing,and it is negative in the areas with high agglomeration level,and the total output is declining,which shows the trend of diffusion.(5)Agglomeration economy,local government intervention and location of heterogeneous firms.The main task of this chapter is to analyse the third conclusion of the fourth chapter.The main contents include:(1)the introduction and literature review,the main ideas and theoretical entry point of this chapter,the empirical method of firm location,and the conclusions about the impact of agglomeration economy on firm location.(2)Poisson regression model including individual heterogeneity,agglomeration economy and government intervention is introduced.(3)analysing the location characteristics of heterogeneous sectors in the three economic zones of East,middle and West.(4)Poisson regression,panel negative binomial regression of lagged variables,and two-stage panel negative binomial regression were used to analyse the impact of agglomeration economy and local government intervention on the all location of firms.(5)analysing the impact of agglomeration economy and government intervention on heterogeneous industry and heterogeneous firm location.The results show that: first,the urbanization economy and local market effect are the main agglomeration economic factors that cause the number of firms in the eastern region to be larger than that in the central and western regions,and the specialized economy is conducive to attracting high productivity firms.Second,local government competition is the government intervention factor that causes the number of firms in the eastern region to be larger than that in the central and western regions,while the growth of firms in the central and western regions mainly depends on local protection.Third,in the process of industrial transfer to the central and western regions,the absolute advantage of the eastern region in the local government competition "matches" with the local protection behavior of the central and western regions,resulting in the agglomeration of a large number of low productivity firms in the eastern region.(6)Heterogeneous productivity and sortings of heterogeneous firms in the presence of agglomeration economies.The main task of this part is to identify the agglomeration effect and classification effect of spatial sorting of heterogeneous firms under the influence of agglomeration economy.This chapter:(1)propose an analysis framework of spatial sorting of heterogeneous firms under the influence of agglomeration economy,and to build the identification model of agglomeration effect and classification effect.(2)based on the data of Chinese industrial firm database,the improved LP semi parametric productivity calculation method is used to re estimate the firm productivity.(3)panel fixed effect,GMM and Tobit model are used to identify the agglomeration effect of spatial sorting of heterogeneous firms,and clad model is used to identify the classification effect of spatial sorting of heterogeneous firms.The results show that: first,the distribution of firm productivity under the influence of agglomeration economy generally shows the characteristics of peak and long tail.Under the influence of this distribution,the agglomeration effect of agglomeration economy is not significant,but the classification effect is significant.Second,under the classification effect,the local market effect is the main driving force of the spatial agglomeration of firms,which is manifested in the agglomeration of firms to large market areas.Third,the role of specialized economy and urbanization economy is reflected in firms with different efficiency levels in heterogeneous sectors: under the influence of specialized economy,low efficiency firms in labor-intensive industries and high efficiency firms in technology intensive industries show a preference for agglomeration;under the influence of urbanization economy,high productivity firms generally show a tendency to escape,which shows that diversified economic regions are not conducive to high growth Productivity growth. |
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