Research On Sustainable Poverty Alleviation Of Tourism In Four Regions Of Southern Xinjiang:Mechanism,Effect And Path

In the process of human social development,poverty is accompanied by low productivity and unequal resources.With the continuous development of civilization and the continuous progress of the material and spiritual world,the struggle against poverty has never stopped.Eliminating extreme poverty is the primary goal of the 17 sustainable development goals(SDGs,2015)of the United Nations.Seeking sustainable poverty reduction under the concept of green development,it has been proved that tourism is a beneficial attempt to reduce poverty and is conducive to the sustainable development of the poor.As a developing country with the second largest population,China has made remarkable achievements in mobilizing the strength of whole country and society to deal with absolute poverty,contributed China’s experience to the world’s poverty reduction,but new goals become the driving force.By February 2020,5.51 million people are still living in poverty,and the incidence of poverty has dropped to 0.6%.China has achieved the UN sustainable development goal in the area of poverty alleviation 10 years ahead of schedule,with institutional advantages highlighted.After 2020,poverty alleviation has changed from scale effect to quality improvement,and the focus of poverty alleviation has changed from eliminating absolute poverty to eliminating relative poverty.New goals have become the driving force for progress.As one of poverty-stricken areas in the country,the four prefectures in southern Xinjiang with the overlapping of ecological and human poverty,are the most important in the decisive period of poverty alleviation.Under the strategy of "rejuvenating Xinjiang by tourism",giving full play to the advantages of natural and human tourism resources is to promote tourism development and help the poor get rid of poverty and become rich.Therefore,to study the sustainable effect of tourism poverty alleviation in the four regions of Southern Xinjiang is conducive to expand the connotation of the concept of tourism poverty alleviation,clarify the level of effect of tourism sustainable poverty alleviation,enrich the theoretical achievements of poverty reduction through tourism.Moreover,it can contribute special time and space cases for tourism poverty alleviation research and provide practical basis for tourism sustainable poverty alleviation policy-making.Based on sustainable development theory,anti-poverty theory,inclusive growth theory,synergy theory and theory of planned behavior,this paper takes "who will be the recipient – who will provide help-how to help-how to maintain" as general framework.First of all,from the perspective of meeting the development needs of the poor,the paper focus on three levels of poverty reduction goals in China: the survival problems of the poor,creating production and living conditions for them,and enhancing their independent development capacity,so as to clarify the connotation of sustainable poverty reduction effect of tourism.Then,based on the first-hand data of the study area,using the structural equation model to construct the mechanism of sustainable poverty reduction of tourism in the four regions of Southern Xinjiang under the synergistic effect of government,tourism industry and poor residents.Moreover,the paper uses multiple classification and orderly regression,GIS spatial analysis and industrial chain tracking,and two classification logic regression to verify policy effect,tourism industry driving effect and endogenous dynamic effect.Finally,it puts forward the development path of the sustainable poverty reduction of tourism in the four regions of Southern Xinjiang.To answer the following questions:First,facing the requirement of sustainable poverty alleviation after 2020,the paper clarifies the connotation of "the effect of tourism sustainable poverty alleviation ".Second,what is the internal mechanism of tourism sustainable poverty alleviation? How to highlight the difference between the policy effect and the driving effect of tourism industry and the "trigger effect" of endogenous power.Third,what are the results of tourism sustainable poverty alleviation in in the four southern regions of Xinjiang? Fourth,it puts forward the development path of tourism sustainable poverty alleviation in the four regions of Southern Xinjiang.The conclusions are as follows:(1)Connotation of sustainable poverty reduction effect of Tourism: Under the concept of green poverty alleviation,in order to eliminate absolute poverty and reduce relative poverty,it needs to effectively integrate government policies,tourism market mechanisms and the needs of poor residents,improve the level of welfare,and achieve inclusive growth.Different from the previous research of sustainable poverty alleviation that emphasizes the harmonious development of human and environment,this paper studies the effect of sustainable poverty alleviation of tourism from the perspective of human and social equality,effectively links the sustainable development theory with the anti-poverty theory,and emphasizes the sustainability of the livelihood of the poor.To study the effect of tourism sustainable poverty alleviation from the micro perspective of the development of the poor is beneficial for covering the shortage of the lack of macro scale research data in remote poor counties.Moreover,it can objectively reflect the actual conditions of local poverty alleviation,reveal the regional poverty reduction differences,and contribute the experience of four prefectures in southern Xinjiang as evidence.(2)The sustainable poverty alleviation of tourism is the result of policies,tourism industry and the endogenous power of poor residents.The government,the tourism industry and the poor residents play a leading role in the effect of survival guarantee policy,the industrial driving effect and the endogenous dynamic effect respectively,and the ways of coordination vary with different stages.The basic policy is the survival guarantee of the poor;improving the openness of tourism industry and improving the efficiency of industrial resource allocation are the conditions for the poor to obtain development opportunities;capacity improvement is the fundamental way to stimulate endogenous power.It forms the survival guarantee stage,opportunity acquisition stage and ability promotion stage of tourism sustainable poverty alleviation.Government policy and tourism industry are the "external" driving force of sustainable poverty alleviation in tourism,and they work together to promote the endogenous power of poor residents.Endogenous power is the transmission medium of effect of tourism sustainable poverty alleviation.The government’s top-down poverty alleviation plays a decisive role in eliminating absolute poverty,highlights the advantages of the socialist system,and forms China’s poverty alleviation experience.Under the new situation,the government’s sustained "exogenous" support power is limited,so it is urgent to play the role of tourism market.The radiation effect of tourism industry creates opportunities for poor residents to improve their production and living conditions,which is conducive to stimulating the vitality of poor residents and consolidating the effect of poverty alleviation.The endogenous power of poor residents is the main obstacle to realize the effect of sustainable poverty alleviation of tourism.The intention to participate in the induced behaviors of poor residents is restricted by the "push-pull" force.On the one hand,the external assistance from the government and the tourism industry keeps poor residents up with the pace of poverty alleviation,and their survival is guaranteed.On the other hand,the "arranged" help restricts the subjective ability of poor groups,and affects the "internal" driving force.(3)At present,in the four prefectures of Southern Xinjiang,the effect of government policy is obvious,the driving effect of tourism industry is limited,and the endogenous power is insufficient.First,under the government’s survival guarantee policy,the per capita GDP has grown steadily in the four prefectures of Southern Xinjiang in the past decade.The subjective "sense of gain" of poor residents from material to spiritual fully reflects that their living conditions have been improved and their right to development has been guaranteed,so they are more satisfied with the policy of supporting the poor.However,the satisfaction degree shows specific differences due to different poverty individuals and different expectations of poverty alleviation.Secondly,there are five types of matching patterns in the spatial inconsistency between the tourism resources superiority and tourism openness of 20 poor counties in four prefectures of Southern Xinjiang.The different conditions of tourism industry determine the way of tourism poverty alleviation.At the same time,based on the tracking of the value flow of tourism industry chain in the four regions of Southern Xinjiang,it is found that tourism poverty reduction can be realized through direct,indirect and dynamic effects.At present,the direct effect is not easy to achieve,which is limited by the individual factors of poor residents;the main form of realization is indirect effect of industrial integration of "n +tourism";with the opening up of tourism industry and the upgrading of industrial structure,the dynamic effect will gradually appear.Thirdly,there is a significant positive correlation between the attitude of poor residents and their participation intention and behavior,but there is no positive correlation between subjective norms and their participation intention and behavior.It shows that the help power is transferred to the level of the will of the poor residents without affecting their actual behavior,resulting in the lack of endogenous motivation.Digging the root factors to cure the symptoms and root causes is to achieve the sustainable poverty alleviation effect of tourism.(4)According to five types of industrial conditions of tourism poverty alleviation in poverty-stricken counties of four prefectures in South Xinjiang,the paper puts forward specific measures for tourism sustainable poverty reduction.Then,the path of sustainable poverty reduction of tourism is formed,which takes the implementation of poverty reduction policies at the grass-roots level and the promotion of livelihood projects as the core to stabilize the policy coverage effect;releases the driving effect of tourism industry with the core of promoting the opening of tourism and realizing the optimal allocation of resources;relies on education and training to stimulate endogenous dynamic effect.The core idea is to change the way of thinking,reduce the inhibition of the policy to the endogenous power of the poor residents,release the ability of tourism industry to benefit the poor,stimulate the endogenous power of the poor residents,and effectively coordinate the "three driving forces" to promote the quality of tourism sustainable poverty alleviation.