Research On The Thoughts Of China's Urban Worker Pension Insurance(1949-1997)

Since 2017,the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China with Xi Jinping at its core has repeatedly emphasized that "Make development results more fair and benefit all people." Pension insurance is one of the manifestations.It is an important manifestation of protecting and improving people's livelihood.It is also a major issue that governments and people around the world are very concerned about.In fact,as early as August 1948,for the development of industry in the liberated areas,as well as the protection of labor rights and the development of employee welfare,the Chinese Communist Party decided to establish labor insurance in places with conditions or in cities where factories were concentrated.Under this instruction,learned from Soviet experience,in April 1949,the Northeast Administrative Commission formulated and tried out the "Regulations of Northeast Public Enterprises on Temporary Labor Insurance in Wartime ",which clarified the method of receiving pension subsidies and the basis for calculation of length of service.As well as the issue of the control and management of labor insurance funds,it has played a real role in solving the pension problems of various urban enterprise workers and opened a new chapter in the development of China's pension insurance.On this basis,after the founding of the People's Republic of China in October1949,with the gradual recovery and development of the national economy,the country began to explore the establishment of a social pension insurance system.On February 26,1951,the Administrative Council of the Central People's Government promulgated the "Regulations on Labor Insurance of the People's Republic of China",which stipulated pension insurance for employees in state-owned,public-private joint ventures,and private enterprises with more than 100 people.From 1966 to 1977,affected by the "Cultural Revolution",the endowment insurance for urban employees in China was basically paralyzed.After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1978,my country began the historical process of reform and opening up,and gradually began the transformation from a planned economic system to a market economic system.In order to advance the four modernizations,to control the country's excessive population growth,and to prepare for the peak of population aging in the 21 st century,in cities and towns,the original old-age insurance model based on the Soviet Union can no longer adapt and satisfy the people.The basic needs of life in China urgently need reform.At the critical moment of theoretical preparation and ideological enlightenment in my country's pension insurance reform,the country has just opened the door,and it happens to usher in a wave of social security reform in Western countries,and the country has begun to think about whether it can learn from and learn from the experience and lessons of the West.Therefore,through consideration of the domestic situation and foreign experience,my country has begun a series of processes such as exploring,making choices,and exploring the endowment insurance.According to pros and cons of the test situation in different regions.In July 1997,the State Council's "Decision on Establishing a Unified Basic Pension Insurance System for Enterprise Employees" incorporated different research and pilot methods in various regions.This indicates that my country's urban employee pension insurance system has basically completed its early exploration and formed a nationally unified model,system and basic policy framework.At this point,my country's modern pension insurance has entered a new stage of development.So far,our country's modern pension insurance has entered a new stage.During the historical period of 1949-1997,my country's economic and social development has undergone many extraordinary and profound changes,and achieved world-renowned achievements.Among them,social insurance plays an important "supporting" role.As an important part of social insurance,endowment insurance has also been carried out in response to the development requirements of economic system reform,labor market changes,and demographic changes.With the increase in population mobility,the aging of the population,the burden of retirement and pension expenses is abnormally light and heavy.Years of exploration.Behind its exploration is the ideological confrontation of government decision-makers,theoretical workers and practitioners.Because the research on the development of my country's endowment insurance thoughts during this period must be carried out in the context of the endowment insurance system,this article focuses on the changes in my country's endowment insurance system,and because my country's social endowment insurance system has long been covered by urban areas.Enterprises and their employees,so urban employees are the research objects.According to the historical development characteristics of the content of my country's endowment insurance during this period,this article divides it into four stages: the all-inclusive stage(1949-1976);the adjustment stage(1977-1984);the stage of Social Pooling(1985-1991);the exploration stage of "Social Pooling combined with Individual Accounts"(1992-1997).The first stage outlined the origin of the idea of pension insurance for urban employees in my country,and the protection of labor rights by the Communist Party of China during the Period of liberation war.After the founding of the People's Republic of China,because the economy was still in the recovery stage and the finances were tight,it was necessary to solve the "old age" of workers and employees,and to encourage the labor enthusiasm of the workers to promote the development of production.Then,On the basis of summarizing the labor insurance experience and lessons in the liberated areas,and learning from foreign experience,the state issued the "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Labor Insurance".Later,as the country's financial and economic conditions improved,and under the guidance of the general line thinking during the transition period,the content of the pension insurance for enterprise employees was revised and supplemented,and the coverage continued to expand.The "Cultural Revolution" that began in 1966 broke the original content of the old-age insurance that had been continuously improved and lost its social mutual aid function.In general,in this stage,my country's endowment insurance is mainly undertaken by the state and has the characteristics of "unitization",and endowment insurance has always been promoted as a part of labor insurance.The second stage is basically the further recovery and development of the old-age insurance thought that was stagnated under the influence of the "Cultural Revolution".After alleviating chaos in the late 1970 s,my country gradually established an opening-up policy,and put forward the theory of economic system reform "subsidized by market regulation",and advocated "a couple has only one child" to control population growth.Thus began to gradually restore and develop labor insurance affected by the "Cultural Revolution",and conducted trials and explorations on endowment insurance.At this stage,it mainly discussed the idea of re-establishing old-age insurance for state-owned enterprises,government agencies and institutions.At the same time,it discussed how to formulate old-age insurance for people not covered by labor insurance in the past,and put forward the idea of social co-ordination of retirement expenses.And,based on the population level,the importance of my country's urban employee pension insurance was discussed from the aspects of family planning policy and population aging.In addition,introduced the old-age insurance management ideas at this stage,including legislative ideas,socialized management ideas,etc.At this stage,the planned economy is still dominant,and the efforts and innovations in the marketization of pension insurance ideas are insignificant,and new problems have emerged,mainly in the lack of understanding of pension insurance theory;the level of benefits does not match economic development;Insurance coverage is narrow.The third stage is the "social pooling" stage of the old-age insurance thoughts of urban employees in my country.With the deepening of the economic system reform,certain shortcomings of the current pension insurance have gradually emerged;at the same time,in order to solve the problem of inequality in the burden of retirement expenses among enterprises,and driven by the deepening of enterprise reforms,the retirement expenses society The importance of overall planning becomes more and more obvious.Therefore,the theoretical nature of social pooling of retirement expenses is analyzed,and the issue of whether to introduce an individual payment mechanism and the proportion of individual payment is discussed;whether it can be pooled through the introduction of pension insurance tax.At the same time,during the reform of the old-age insurance system,the issue of the calculation and payment standards of retirement expenses was reflected,and whether the pensions of labor contract workers and permanent workers should be combined was analyzed,and it was gradually determined that the pension insurance system would shift from a single to a multi-level pension system.In addition,the importance of endowment insurance legislation and endowment insurance fund value preservation and appreciation was considered.In addition,the importance of endowment insurance legislation and endowment insurance fund value preservation and appreciation was considered.At this stage,the theoretical understanding of pension insurance has been improved,and the income and expenditure of pension insurance funds have been explored rationally.It is fully realized that my country's overall planning model should be gradually transitioned to a “partial accumulation” type,and the tripartite of “enterprise,individual,and country” has been clarified.responsibility.The fourth stage is the further development and realization of the old-age insurance thought in the "social overall planning" stage.At this stage,based on the experience of the pilot,the idea of adjusting the pension calculation method was discussed,and the advantages and disadvantages of different models in various regions were analyzed through the investigation and pilot situation.As a result,the national pension insurance model combining “social pooling and personal accounts”has been gradually established and unified.At the same time,due to the vigorous development of non-public economic enterprises in the 1990 s and the increase in the flow of labor across enterprises and regions,the need to increase the level of coordination and expand coverage was recognized,and to ensure the safety of pension insurance funds.It puts forward the ideas of diversified investment paths and internal auditing,and gradually realizes the direction of overall development at the provincial level,and the importance of establishing a single social insurance regulation and a unified social insurance regulatory agency.At the end of the thesis,it first discusses the development of my country's urban employee pension insurance after the unification of the “pooling-account integration”model in 1997,including the implementation or existing problems after the unification of the “pooling-account integration” model,including disputes,trials and promotion;the gradual realization of the national pooling model;and social insurance regulations The official introduction of the pension insurance fund;the further development of pension insurance fund investment;the implementation of the social management of pension insurance fund,etc.Then,as a whole,the general characteristics and historical laws of the development of the pension insurance for urban employees in my country from 1949 to 1997 are examined: one is that it is both gradual and sudden;the other is the development of pension insurance and the economic system.The reforms complement each other;third,they are influenced by Western pension insurance policy theories to a certain extent;fourth,the concept of“supporting” pension insurance is prominent;fifth,pension insurance management is decentralized and complicated;sixth,pension insurance fund proliferation is ineffective.It also reveals some important enlightenments for the development of endowment insurance in the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics: First,it is necessary to steadily promote the development of endowment insurance;second,it is necessary to pay attention to the study of foreign endowment insurance theory;third,to further strengthen the legalization of endowment insurance Supervision;fourth,the healthy development of the pension insurance system requires clear government responsibilities;fifth,the setting of the legal retirement age needs to be further modified.