Study On The Model Optimization Of Social Enterprises Participating In Poverty Governance

At the present stage of China's great efforts to promote rural revitalization and development,a number of marginalized groups that have solved absolute poverty still face the risk of relapsing into poverty.Meanwhile,compared with comprehensive and high-quality development,there is still "relative poverty" for a longer period of time.To avoid the risk of relapsing into poverty,the country should establish long-term mechanisms to tackle relative poverty with public participation in the new stage of poverty governance.From the perspective of different types of entities participating in poverty governance,social enterprises play an important role.They have the development advantages of sustainability and inclusiveness,as well as great potential to promote the transformation from "blood transfusion" poverty alleviation to "blood production" poverty alleviation in the practice of rural poverty governance.The mission of social enterprises is to promote the realization of social value goals.Under the guidance of social responsibility and the spirit of public welfare,they can better realize social value and economic value by adopting enterprise-oriented operation mode.As a special model of social organization,their value concept is consistent with the main goal of the government's poverty alleviation work in the direction.At present,in the concrete practice of participating in poverty governance,China's social enterprises have formed various practical participation modes,including providing public service mode,promoting multi-channel employment mode,expanding financial service mode,supporting industry development mode,etc.In the overall process of comprehensively promoting targeted poverty alleviation,these participation modes,to a certain extent,help the impoverished rural residents increase their basic income and obtain more basic public and social services.However,for some poor people who are able to work and willing to work,it is difficult to stimulate,guide and improve their ability of sustainable economic development,unable to help them obtain more opportunities for social development and enhance their ability of independent development.From the perspective of practical effect,there are still difficulties,such as the inadequate level of cultural knowledge in poor areas to support industrial development,the weak foundation of poverty relief industries due to the lack of independent operation ability of vulnerable groups,the weak social support system for groups in poverty and the long-term existence of poverty culture.From the perspective of feasible capacity theory,for the marginalized groups themselves,the root cause of their predicament lies in the insufficient ability to participate in policy decision-making,to sustain economic development,to accumulate social resources,to obtain transparent information,and to defend against protective security.The key to putting the feasible capacity theory into the practice of poverty governance lies in how to better realize the individualization and sustainable development of the feasible capacity of different groups in poverty.This requires the introduction of the social work method of "helping people help themselves".Social work is a specialized activity that assists individuals,groups and communities to strengthen and restore their capacity to function socially and creates social conditions conducive to the achievement of their goals.The basic concepts and professional methods of social work,in the face of multiple factors affecting poverty,are feasible to restore and enhance the basic feasible capacity of the poor.Social work empowerment not only is to enable the poor to obtain their deserved benefits and development capacity,but also includes a process: stimulate the internal motivation of the poor to change their difficult living conditions,help them repair social relations,provide social assistance and social services,and make the poor gradually acquire positive beliefs in independent development,constantly improve their practical ability,upgrade their quality of life with good social relations and obtain more freedom of development.The basic methods of social work can be divided into micro,meso and macro levels.At the micro level,the social work mainly faces to individuals and uses the single-case working method.On the basis of providing services,the "case management" method has also been developed with supervision and other functions.At the meso level,the social work faces to families or groups composed of the same kind of people and uses the group working method.At the macro level,the social work faces to problems in the same area and uses the community working method.The single-case working method helps to empower the individual level,the groups working method helps to empower the social level,and the community working method helps to empower the political level,thus improving the capability of poor groups.Social enterprises have the feasibility of using social work methods to help the poor.The social attribute of social enterprises is consistent with the purpose and concept of social work.For social enterprises,the primary purpose and mission of their establishment is to realize social value.Investors of social enterprises are bound to provide help and services to more vulnerable groups in order to achieve greater social value.For social work institutions,social interests and responsibilities are the foundation of their existence.Social work is a kind of moral practice,and social workers are the social conscience.The most profound essential feature of social work is the social interaction of altruism.At the same time,social enterprises and social work institutions have complementary resources in the field of poverty alleviation.Professional social work institutions lack strong economic foundation.To a certain extent,though,the institutions can change the culture of poverty,dissolve the social exclusion and shape the feasible capacity,they still cannot effectively solve the inadequacy of social integration of the poor,the lack of subjectivity of the poor and the non-systematic problem of poverty alleviation and assistance.After professional social work integrates into the supply pattern of poverty alleviation services,the original model of government advocacy and enterprise direct implementation or participation are adjusted and changed.In the new model,on the basis of the overall leadership of the Party committee,the support of the grass-roots government and the participation of the whole society,social enterprises have formed a "cooperative" mode of participation in poverty governance with the attribute of "helping people help themselves".The first is to establish the concept of cooperation.We can organize poor people to carry out customized learning and training,so as to further enable them to actively pursue the value of get rid of poverty and self-development.With the help of social workers,we can effectively link other social resources and pay more attention to promoting the transformation from receiving help to self-help.Another is to build a cooperative relationship.We can improve and reshape the relationship between the poverty alleviation party and the assisted party,and between the governing body and the governed body.Create a new collaborative relationship guided by the concept of enhanced capacity and substantive freedom.The third is to advocate cooperative supervision.The intervention of social workers can help to achieve more comprehensive policy collection and publicity,assist in designing better methods of supporting development and put forward development plans to promote the healthy operation of the participation mode.The "cooperative" participation mode of social enterprises is applied to the poverty governance practice of songjiang village in J county.On the one hand,with professional social work methods,the mode helps to understand the difficulties and actual needs of villagers in the revitalization and development.On the collaborative platform,the mode smooths demand docking and aids villagers in building a social relationship network with the government,commercial enterprises and other entities to break the social exclusion.On the other hand,the mode rebuilds a new-type economic development carrier and launches a new organizational structure of "Party and government institutions + social work institutions + social enterprises + poor people".Rural natural resources,collective resources and human resources are fully integrated,and rural resources are transformed into economic capital locally.The practical results show that the "cooperative" participation mode of social enterprises effectively helps poor villagers enhance and expand their feasible capacity.First,the mode improves villagers' ability to interact with the government and to participate in policy-making related to their own interests through the methods of grass-roots poverty alleviation policy hearings and soliciting opinions on the overall rural development planning.In policy formulation,implementation,feedback and other links,villagers can independently and rationally put forward constructive opinions.Second,it strengthens the brand building of agricultural products and agricultural technology innovation with directional vocational training and guidance,effectively alleviating the "economic deprivation" of farmers' individual participation in many aspects of the market system and promoting their competitiveness in participating in the market mechanism.Third,it helps rural people obtain more social opportunities and accumulates social resources for sustainable development through specialized vocational education,personal life cycle development planning and family development planning and design.Fourth,it effectively realizes the transparency guarantee.The mode has achieved the data sharing of administrative resources,government service resources and citizen information.With the analysis and comparison of big data and the on-site inspection and evaluation of social workers,the selected recipients have been widely recognized.Through the cooperative mechanism,the situation of the recipients and the evaluation feedback are regularly disclosed,and the precise identification,targeted assistance,dynamic monitoring and continuous improvement of the new poverty governance problems are realized.With the help of various parties,the recipients improve their self-confidence and self-improvement spirit and participate in honest labor and lawful operations.