The Cooperative Governance Path Of Shadow Education In Developed Cities In China

Shadow education governance is a hot issue of education governance and requires the collaborative participation of all stakeholders.Since 2018,a series of governance policies that named of shadow education have been issued from the central to the local level,which have the characteristics of high levels of governance desire,high governance determination,and perfect governance measures.However,the effectiveness of shadow education governance is not good.The continuous governance has been widely recognized by the government and all sectors of society.Collaborative governance of shadow education refers to the realization of the purpose of governance of shadow education through the establishment of a path led by the government and the participation of industry associations,communities,schools,shadow education institutions and parents.The collaborative governance path of shadow education can effectively optimize the issues of single governance subject of shadow education,high governance resistance,insufficient governance measures,and poor communication between governance entities,and realize the coordination from a governance path of a single subject to a government-led,multiple subjects’ participation.Developed cities have the characteristics of large scale of participation in shadow education,a large number of institutions,high governance pressure,high governance urgency,strong governance capabilities,and complete community service functions.The feasibility of implementing the collaborative governance path of shadow education is high.The Collaborative Governance Theory focuses on dominant position of the government in social governance,emphasizes social subjects take part in governance,and has a typical concept of “government by both government and people” and“collective behavior”.Multiple subjects’ participation in the selection of public goals,determination governance issues,and formulation and evaluation governance measures are the basic logical framework for Collaborative Governance Theory to analyze issues.According to the logical framework of the Collaborative Governance Theory,the core content of the current research was the analysis of the problems in the governance of shadow education,the proposal and evaluation of the collaborative governance path of shadow education,the dilemma and optimization of the implementation of collaborative governance path of shadow education,etc.The research took Shanghai,Hangzhou,and Nanjing as the research objects.A total of38,219 questionnaires were distributed,of which 37,944 were valid questionnaires(13,968 in Shanghai,11,750 in Hangzhou,and 12,226 in Nanjing).The effective rate of the questionnaire was 99.28%.Participated in shadow education.There were17,258 samples of,accounting for 45.5%,and the sample not participating in shadow education is 20,686,accounting for 54.5%.Based on the research content,a comprehensive use of literature methods,descriptive statistics,text analysis,regression analysis,structural equations and other methods were used to expound the research content.This research uses descriptive statistics,text analysis,regression analysis and other methods from the perspective of text analysis of shadow education governance policies and survey statistical analysis to summarize the problems in shadow education governance.The results found that the shadow education governance had problems such as low governance enthusiasm and coordination,low operability of governance measures,serious similarity,insufficient continuity,insufficient relevance,low awareness of governance policies,and low governance satisfaction.The high dependence of the demand side of shadow education hindered the implementation of governance measures,the irregular development of the supply side increased the complexity of governance,and the lack of confidence in the governance of the regulators have become the reasons for the poor effectiveness of shadow education governance.The statistical analysis of the expectations of shadow education governance has found that the implementation of the collaborative governance path of shadow education had a good feasibility foundation.“Multiple subjects and collaborative governance” have become the main expectation shadow education governance.The collaborative governance path of shadow education could fully extract suggestions from all parties,met the interests of all parties,and formed a governance force.It plays a role in enhancing governance confidence,reducing governance resistance,and realizing continuous governance,and can obtain the support of shadow education demanders,suppliers,and regulators.Therefore,it is feasible and appropriate for the collaborative governance path to be applied to the management of shadow education.Collaborative governance helps to optimize the route of shadow education governance and enhance governance effectiveness.The implementation of the new path requires a systematic evaluation to determine the feasibility and optimization direction.The current research constructed an evaluation scale from the dimensions of governance mentality,governance vision,governance system,governance responsibilities and governance capabilities,and used descriptive statistics,structural equations and other methods to analyze the implementation environment and influencing factors of the collaborative governance path of shadow education.The results found that the implementation environment of the collaborative governance path of shadow education scored 3.49;the governance vision score was the highest,3.61,the governance mentality score was the lowest,3.36,and the governance responsibility,governance system,and governance ability scores were 3.55,3.53,and3.41 in order;the better the participants’ family capital,the higher the support for the collaborative governance path of shadow education;family cultural capital,family social capital,family economic capital,and family political capital were all significantly positively correlated with the support of the shadow education governance path;the higher the environmental score,the higher the participants’ support for the collaborative governance path of shadow education;the higher the scores of governance mentality,governance vision,governance system,governance responsibility and governance capabilities,the more the participants’ support for the collaborative governance path of shadow education.Based on the problems in the governance of shadow education and the evaluation and analysis of the collaborative governance path of shadow education,it was concluded that the implementation of the collaborative governance path of shadow education still had the following main dilemmas.The “deep-rooted” of shadow education was not conducive to the emancipation of thinking in the implementation of collaborative governance path;the shadow education collaborative governance environment was “general”,which was not conducive to the overall planning of collaborative governance path implementation;the difference of expectations of governance in shadow education was not conducive to the smooth communication mechanism of collaborative governance;the ambiguity of governance subject and rights and responsibilities in shadow education was not conducive to the construction of collaborative governance responsibility alliance;the different support degree of collaborative governance path of different subjects’ shadow education was not conducive to the establishment of a community of governance with a shared future;the lack of stability of the environment for collaborative governance of shadow education was not conducive to the sustainable implementation of collaborative governance path.Starting from the purpose of improving the collaborative governance path of shadow education and improving the feasibility and effectiveness of the implementation of the collaborative governance path of shadow education,the following optimization strategies and policy recommendations were put forward.First,strengthening the publicity of the shadow education governance policy and liberating the traditional thinking of shadow education governance;Second,strengthening the interpretation of policies and measures,optimizing the external training governance environment;third,establishing communication,assessment and accountability mechanisms to optimize the external training governance mentality environment;fourth,promoting the construction of a community of shared destiny for external training collaborative governance and form governance responsibilities alliance;Fifth,establishing a dynamic adjustment mechanism for governance entities and governance measures,and realizing the sustainable development of the collaborative governance path of shadow education;sixth,building a path for the integrated development of school education and shadow education and optimizing the development ecology of shadow education;seventh,trying to promote the propaganda of shadow education,and strengthening the government’s leadership over shadow education.