| Political consensus is the premise of the smooth operation of the political system and the basis of the legitimacy of the regime.In today’s world,various domestic and foreign factors are deconstructing the political consensus of modern countries.This phenomenon is particularly prominent in the underdeveloped countries,which have complex social structure and natural characteristics of division.Besides,the transition of political system has brought great changes to these countries.If we blindly copy the western political institution in this process,it will easily lead to the failure of consensus and transition.At present,China is in the stage of deepening reform,and also faces various contradictions and difficulties.How to effectively bridge the conflict and build a political consensus is an urgent problem in contemporary China.The systematic study of political consensus has important theoretical value and practical significance for promoting the politicalry.As the spiritual support of a country,political consensus runs through the whole political development process including national construction,democratic transition and effective governance.In each stage,the focus of political consensus building is different.In the stage of national construction,we should pay more attention to the construction of national identity and value consensus.In the period of democratic consolidation,we should further consolidate the value consensus and institutional consensus.In the stage of effective governance,we should focus on strengthening the construction of institutional and policy consensus.Thus,political consensus covers four important contents: national identity,value consensus,institutional consensus and policy consensus.Among them,national identity is the foundation and bottom line of political consensus.The weakening of the national identity will lead to the division of the country,and the political consensus of a country can not be talked about;the value consensus is the second level of the political consensus.If a country wants to maintain stability and unity,it must realize the sharing of political beliefs to some extent.This is necessary to consolidate the legitimacy of political power and regulate the behavior of social members;institution consensus is the third level of political consensus.The political institution is the framework and platform of the operation of the political system,and a powerful starting point for the construction of political consensus.The policy consensus is closely related to people’s interests.Without a consensus based policy,there will be no guarantee of interests,political legitimacy will lose its foundation,and the political system will be difficult to stabilize.In the process of studying the influencing factors of political consensus,we deeply analyze the influence degree of each factor on the four levels of political consensus,and strive to get a multi-level intuitive influencing factor matrix.The factors influencing political consensus can be divided into structural factors and dynamic factors,and structural factors can be subdivided into social conditions and institution.In order to make the research context of social conditions more clear,we take personal identity as the entry point to explore.Each person has multiple identities,and we outline the logical relationship between these factors according to their openness.Race,ethnic group and clan are inborn,hard to change and completely closed;culture and religion have certain tenacity,but they are not immutable and semi open;class and party identity have strong variability and are relatively open.By sorting all kinds of identities,we can get a pedigree from closed to open.In addition,the combination of the factors can also produce "crosscutting splitting" and "overlapping splitting",which can enhance or weaken the role of individual factors.Limited by the available data,this paper dosen’t get the weight of each factor.This open model leaves room for further development of the diversity of national situations.Then,from the perspective of decentralization and centralization,we discuss the influence of institution on political consensus.The decentralization institution can be divided into horizontal decentralization and vertical decentralization,among which the institutionalization level is an important factor affecting the horizontal decentralization.Only at a high level of institutionalization can horizontal decentralization have a positive effect on political consensus.Although vertical decentralization can reduce the inherent contradictions between the central and local governments,it increases the risk of conflicts between the local governments or provides opportunities for local separatism.The degree of centralization is an important factor affecting the institution of centralization.Whether horizontal or vertical,moderate centralization can have a favorable impact on consensus.We define dynamic factors as the values and relationship models of political actors,including political elites and the general public.But values are too abstract.We use political tolerance,a more easily measured indicator,to study the role of values in political consensus.The relationship between elites can be divided into four types:cooperation,fragmentation,compromise and polarization.The relationship between elites and the masses can be divided into three types: compromise,moderate repression and controlled mobilization.On the basis of discussing the influence of each situation on political consensus,this paper also explores the combined influence between the two types.On the basis of the above research,we selected four countries for case study:Ukraine and Malaysia are two typical examples in ethnic religious division.Ukraine,which had no deep national hatred,was divided because of the constant strengthening of national differences.Malaysia,with its complex ethnic structure,has gradually bridged its ethnic differences through the construction of value and institutional consensus.In the style of party-class division,we take Thailand and Spain as examples.Thailand’s party politics is underdeveloped and not closely linked with the class.During the period of democratic transition,it can only allow the street politics to spread.Spain’s parties have a close relationship with the class.The political parties can actively lead the class’ s actions and cooperate with the political elites to complete the democratic transition.On the basis of case analysis,we put forward suggestions on building political consensus in political development.In addition to the special types of division,we also put forward the national typology of political consensus building from a more comprehensive and extensive perspective.The paper puts forward suggestions on the construction of political consensus for the three types of countries: unbalanced development,incomplete jurisdiction over territory and lack of legitimacy.Finally,this paper studies the issue of political consensus in China.In the contemporary era,the success of China’s political consensus on the whole can not be separated from the historical gene,and also can not be separated from the mainstay role of the Communist Party of China in "commanding the overall situation and coordinating all parties".At present,China’s political consensus still faces many challenges.The disadvantageous structural factors include the composition of China’s multi-ethnic country,the social complexity brought about by the market economy,the recent political situation of Hong Kong and Taiwan,and the differences in concepts and interests between China and the West.The imperfect dynamic factors include the relationship between the Communist Party of China and the people,the perfection and implementation of the national system and laws,the protection of the people’s livelihood rights and interests by national policies,the publicity and education of patriotism and socialist values,etc.We must give full play to our initiative,establish a reasonable institution,formulate effective policies and take effective measures to resolve these negative effects. |
