| The present status of China can be described by the sentence that "it is the best of times, and it is the worst of times". Since the reform and opening up, with the establishment and development of the market economy system, the contradiction between social justice and economic efficiency has become more and more acute. Due to the rapid growth of economy, all of the people have shared the fruits of economic growth, but sharing degree is different. The high-income group have got the majority of the fruits and the most people have the strong sense of injustice. The problem of social fairness and justice has become an unavoidable important problem in contemporary China.In theory, Marx's fact judgment and value judgment has been showing a segregation from " the Second International" to the" Western Marxism" and the "Analytic Marxism", because their different position and defect method.The "Analytic Marxism" started the controversy of " Marxism of non-moralism" and " Marxism of moralism", put forward the question that how Marx treat the issues of morality and justice, and opened the new domain of Marx's political philosophy and Marx's justice theory.Since the theoretical argument and practical demands have put forward the problem of "Marx and justice", we need to answer whether there is Marx's thought of justice? If there is, what is its nature and what content? How did it get such thought-form? What enlightenment does it give us with the tense relationship between man and man, man and nature today? The basic idea of this paper is to read the classical text of Marx with these problems, interpret Marx's thought from the perspective of justice, build Marx's thought of justice including the basic points of Marx's class position, core idea, basic methods and his value, preliminarily show the formation trajectory, the substance and contemporary value of Marx's justice ideas, refute the argument of "Marx against justice", examine the new changes of contemporary capitalism and its justice theories, and Chinese reform's value dimension.The judgment of "Marx's philosophy is political philosophy","Marx thought is the thought of justice" is awakened by the social reality and contemporary people's due life purport, on the other hand, it is based on the thread of Marx's thought.The core proposition of political philosophy is "justice", and justice relates the issue of legitimacy of material possessions. Since the modern times, with the development of society and the progress of human civilization, more and more people have not tolerated take the origin, background, land, rank, office things as allocation standard of material interests and political rights, and tended to take labor as the legitimacy of possession. The issue of legitimacy of possession penetrate Marx's thought. Marx saw that in capitalist world workers produce palaces for capitalists and produce barns for themselves. Clearly, this is unjust. But why is it so, and whether capitalism will be replaced by a equitable society? With these questions, from the political criticism to criticism of political economics, Marx found laborers'view of history and the theory of surplus value.Historical materialism shows that the working class and all the laborers are the subject of social labor and the makers of social products, and they should enjoy social achievements. The theory of surplus value clearly tell us the exploitation nature of capital and the non-legitimacy of the capitalist possessing workers'surplus value without compensation. Historical materialism and surplus value theory not only explains unjust status of the working class in capitalist society, but also clarify the historical necessity and inevitability of capitalism going to the justice society of ""from each according to his ability and to each according to his needs"" of "the united body of the free people". Marx researched the historical trend of distribution according to capitals to distribution according to works, and then to distribution according to needs by political philosophy and economics, and probe realistic way for human liberation. In short, Marx havs justice thought, and it is the product of the development of human society. The realization of communism is the keynote of Marx's thought of justice. But in the reality, the hindrance to study the problem of "Marx and justice" is that Marx has no special writing about justice, and had not tried to construct a system. However, it doesn't means that we could not research Marx's justice thought. Jjust as Marx has no monographs about philosophy, plutonomy and scientific socialism, no monographs about the nature and technology, freedom and time, we also can have the related research. Therefore, the issue is not whether Marx have monographs of justice, but in what sense of justice is the theoretical purport of Marx's whole thought.And from the literal, Marx's discussion about justice is criticism to justice. however, this does not mean that Marx rejects the justice and have no thought of justice. Declaring his opinions by criticism is Marx's consistent research method. only after studying, we just know why Marx criticizes justice, and criticize which kind of justice. Marx criticizes the capitalist "justice", criticizes the position, viewpoints and methods of capitalist vulgar economics studing the question of Justice, criticizes other socialism schools, but not deny the conception of justice. with the criticism to "justice", he establishes the justice theory of historical materialism and justice norm of communism, which are the two basic dimensions of Marx's justice.Marx thinks that justice of capitalism is the "exchange justice" in the capital circulation field-practical subordination of labor to capital is the premise, is the"formal justice" in the political liberation sense-actually social inequality is approved. In the range of bourgeois relations of production and in the case of free competition, freedom is not personal but capital------"freedom is free trade". But the bourgeois thinkers always declare capitalism's freedom, equality and fraternity as the common value of all mankind, removing its historical rules to cover these ideas's class nature and connotation of the times. This "justice"is what Marx to critisize.Marx's pursuit of justice is communism justice--from political equality to social equality, from the negative freedom to positive freedom, from formal justice to substantive justice, from political liberation to human liberation. Marx does not reject the justice, but also opens up the highest justice of human.Bourgeois enlightenment thinkers criticize the darkness of the middle ages and the feudal hierarchy and regard capitalism as the paradise of "freedom","equality","justice". Criticism to capitalism's so-called justice and aiming at the realization of "everybody's free and overall development" is the justice of communism.Specifically, this paper consists of five chapters, and its basic structure, ideas and contents as follows:The first chapter briefly examines the history of Western justice. The history of justice-from classical justice to modern justice and then to the post-modern justice shows that Marx's justice thought is the inheritance and transcendence of human justice.The second chapter and the third chapter elaborate the "history" and "theory"of Marx's justice. When we interprete Marx, it is necessary to combine "history" and "theory", in order to avoid justice theory's emptiness without its history and history's smash without its theory. The historical sequence of the development of Marx's thought can not be ignored because each conception and principle is a kind of accumulation and deposit of the development of Marx'a thought. If there is "theory" without "history", each conception and principle seems to fall down from the sky. On the other hand, Marx's thought is an organic whole, and has its own internal logic and self-sufficiency. If there is "history"" without theory", the inherent logic of Marx's justice thoughts can't be understood.So, after a brief study of the history of western justice in the first chapter, the second chapter focuses on the "history" of the formation of Marx's justice thought, comprehending the intrinsic connection between the generation process and conclusion of Marx's justice ideas. Through studying the history Marx's justice.The development of Marx's justice ideas includes "four stages":germination (1841-1844), formation (1845-1848), maturation (1849-1875) and expansion (1876-1883). Linking the early, mid and late Marx's thought together with the logical line of justice, the "change" and "constant" of Marx's idea of justice in the process of the formation have been presented:Marx only changed his worldview and methodology, but not the class standpoint and the value direction.Whether Marx's early philosophical criticism and political criticism or mid political economics criticism or late anthropology and history notes, justice of Communism as Marx's value pursuit runs through all his life.Although Marx's thought in the mature process gradually became less speculative and more experienced and scientific, his value concern behind his thought had no any substantial change.From "man is the highest essence of human" to "realizing Man's free and overall development ", Marx always paid attention to the rights and interest of working class, man's freedom, dignity and self realization, and his worldview and methodology had changed around how to realize Man's free and overall development in the real community. In this process, Marx not only e not only explained his justice ideal from the moral and value dimensions, and but also demonstrated it from the historical and scientific dimensions. There is no fundamental difference between early Marx and late Marx as Western Marxism say.The third chapter is about Marx's justice "theory", constructing and interpreting Marx's justice thoughts--"four in one" of the contents. Historical materialism is the theoretical basis of Marx's justice. Besides, striving for the working class is the class position of Marx's justice, and realizing communism is the ideal pursuit of Marx's justice, and practice is the path to reach Marx's ideal and defended his class position. In a word,"four in one" of Marx's justice comprise the justice theory, justice standpoint, justice ideal and justice path.At present, in domestic there are less achievements on researching the relationship between Marx and justice, and most researches just focus on interpreting the essence and origin of justice by historical materialism. Of course, this is important. But this is too narrow and not enough. Justice view of historical materialism is just one part of Marx's justice thought.The fourth chapter and the fifth chapter discuss the contemporary significance of Marx's justice ideas. On the one hand, Marx's most of criticisms to capitalist system still has a point. In the view of Marx's justice, we can know that capitalism does not have the ability to create a completely different future, and Only in Marx's view, capitalism and its conception of justice becomes understandable and have the future. On the other hand, with Marx's justice viewing Chinese socialist practice, we can find that the two dimension of Marx's justice thought-scientific dimension and value dimension is respectively biased in the two thirty years. In the first thirty years, We focused on the value dimension but ignore the material basis to realize of the value, and in the second thirty years, we attached importance to the material basis but ignore the value dimension, taking the means as purpose."No position, no justice ". As we have neglected to defend our justice standpoint in the last thirty years, now it is time to take Marx's justice as the basic value orientation of the policy of the proletarian party.In short, the first chapter briefly examines the history of Western justice; the second chapter elaborates the history of the formation of Marx's justice; The third chapter discusses the four dimension and the basic characteristics of Marx's justice; The fourth chapter does a comparative between Marx's justice thoughts and contemporary western justice theory; The fifth chapter reviews the practice of Marx's justice thought in contemporary China. |
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