Clarification,Deconstruction And Reconstruction Of "Subjectivity"

From the broad sense,critical psychology is a psychological ideological thought or movement that tries to clarify and eliminate the penetration in the psychological research of traditional psychology,and conducts psychological reconstruction a more appropriate subjectivity standpoint recognized by other researchers.Clarifying the connotation,the theory characteristics and the development course of critical psychology,summarizing its historical form,and evaluating its merits and demerits,not only have certain historical value for clarifying the development thread of psychology and presenting the whole psychology over a hundred years,but also have a certain theoretical value for the advancement of Psychological science and the understanding on the nature of psychological knowledge as well as the construction of psychological theories.Meanwhile,it is also of practical value to construct a psychological system with Chinese characteristics that can serve Chinese socialism based on the standpoint of Marxism with Chinese characteristics.It was conceived at the beginning of the establishment of psychology,and it exists in the form of critical research on natural science critical psychology and human science critical psychology.It was formally born in Europe in the 1960 s,and then developed in the Americas,Asia,Africa,Latin America and other regions.So far,it has shown three major historical forms: Proletarian critical psychology(to clarify and deconstruct the bourgeois standpoint in the traditional psychology,and construct psychology from the proletarian standpoint),Male chauvinism critical psychology(to clarify and eliminate the position of male centrism in traditional psychology,and construct psychology with the position of feminism),and Post-colonial critical psychology(to clarify and clear up the post-colonialism position in traditional psychology,and construct psychology from the post-modernism pluralistic position).Its characteristics are as follows: Subjectivity(attaching great importance to the role of researchers’ subjectivity in psychological activities,and clarifying the different subjectivity positions held by psychologists);Criticism(clarifying and criticizing the subjective standpoint of traditional psychology,as well as the objective scientific view and knowledge view of psychology);Constructive Feature(constructing to serve the researcher community based on the subjective standpoint approved by the researcher),Political Feature(promoting the transformation of psychology from ivory tower to social reality,and from academic research to social practice);Theoretical Feature(focusing on the deductive method,the combination of historical theory and other nonempirical methods to analyze,summarize and summarize the historical experience of psychology,and then promote a new point of view).Proletarian critical psychology is a movement of critical psychology,which tries to clarify and eliminate the research bias of bourgeois standpoint in the western traditional psychology knowledge,and emphasizes that researchers should uphold the proletarian research position to construct psychology,and achieve the dual goals(not only manifesting individual subjective initiative and expressing proletarian demands,but also achieving human liberation and freedom).It emphasizes the correlation between knowledge and value,and opposes the separation of knowledge and value;it is dissatisfied with the instrumental rationalism permeated in the research design,and advocates the replacement of technological correlation with liberation correlation and the promotion of individual subjective initiative;in terms of research methods,it proposes to replace the concept system of constructivism psychology with historical experience method;in terms of research relations,it proposes to replace "separation of subject and object" with "cooperation between subjects".Male chauvinism critical psychology is an historical pattern of critical psychology which attempts to clarify and eliminate the "male chauvinism" subjective standpoint permeated in traditional psychology,and emphasizes that female psychology and behavior should be explored based on female researchers’ subjective standpoint,so as to construct a kind of psychology and behavior law that can reveal the general female psychology and behavioral laws,or highlight the value of women’s internal differences,while achieving equality between men and women.It has gone through three stages: positivist feminist psychology,phenomenological critical psychology of male supremacy,and postmodern critical psychology of male supremacy.Positivism feminist psychology attempts to compete for more opportunities for women in different links of the psychological research process,improve women’s status in psychology,and allow women to share the scientific "feast".In essence,adhering to the standards of male psychology,it doesn’t clearly propose to construct a psychology for women based on the position of female researchers.Phenomenology criticism of male chauvinism psychology claims to base on feminist epistemological position,emphasizes that the psychology of female researchers should be an independent "political subject" to criticize the ’ male subject’’ in all aspects so as to construct a psychology that can truly reflect female researchers subject characteristics and speak for women from the aspect of ontology,epistemology and methodology to.Postmodern criticism of male chauvinism psychology attaches great importance to the influence of the diverse identity characteristics of female researchers on the construction of psychology,expresses strong dissatisfaction with the male-centrism and western white feminism that permeated modern psychology,and commits to building a psychology that can serve women from marginalized groups based on the positions of diverse female researchers.Post-colonial critical psychology is a historic form of critical psychology that tries to clarify and eliminate the post-colonial position in western psychology,and emphasizes the construction of equal and coexisting multicultural psychology with the postmodernist attitude of "western-centrism",in order to promote "decolonization" indigenous psychology and use indigenous psychology to interpret the psychology and behavior of local people.On the relationship between discourse power and psychology,it advocates "bilateral sharing discourse power" instead of "western-dominated discourse power" to eliminate western discourse hegemony.On the relationship between culture and psychology,it advocates the construction of bilateral "hybrid" relationship to replace the "one-way dependence" relationship,thus surpassing the Western culture-centralism.On the relationship between ethnic and psychology,it emphasizes to live in local cultural context and promote the concept of racial equality to refute the Western theory of racial superiority from many ways,including focusing on the peculiarities of psychology and behavior choices,highlighting the relevance of research topics and local society,establishing localized evaluation tools,and constructing psychological theories that reflect local cultures,etc.In a word,it’s important for psychology to study the connotation,characteristics and development history of critical psychology.Its emphasis on the relationship between the subjective standpoint of researchers and the construction of psychology not only promotes and deepens the understanding of the nature of psychological knowledge,but also builds psychology based on the new subjective standpoint,which can help promote psychology to return to a healthier track.Its research on the purpose of psychology is helpful to promote psychology to better serve the society and improve the practical ability of psychology to serve the society.Its excavation on historical materials of critical psychology not only enriches the study of psychological history,but also strengthens the construction of psychological theory.However,we should also see that critical psychology over-promotes the subjective standpoint recognized by researchers,while it completely denies and rejects the subjective standpoint held by traditional psychology.It fails to realize that psychology construction is a kind of social practice activity that construct mutually between the cognition subject and the cognition object,and constantly generates and develops.Obviously,just like the traditional psychology,it still adopts a onesided,static and isolated view on the construction of psychology.It adopts the either-or way of thinking and has one-sidedness in specific research.In this way,the construction of rational and healthy psychology needs the researchers to establish the dialectical materialism view of human nature and practice,and adopt the way of thinking adapted to human nature--the integrated vision of psychology.In view of the future psychology,the construction of psychology will be a purposeful,concrete and historical social practice.In the future,different opposing poles of subjective standpoint,objective knowledge and subjective knowledge,universal truth and special truth,researcher and research object,humanistic science orientation and natural science orientation,and subjective paradigm and objective paradigm,can obtain reasonable existence space in the construction of psychology.In this way,we can construct a psychology that serves the whole community of human destiny.