Research On The Diffusion Of Haidai Longshan Culture ——Centering On The Analysis Of Cultural Factors

The Haidai region is one of the important areas in the prehistoric period of China,and the cultural development pedigree of this region is the most complete.The Longshan period is a key stage in which the traditional core area of prehistoric Chinese undergoes transformation in all aspects of society.The Haidai region provides a key test site for studying this issue.In addition,the level of social development of Haidai Longshan Culture has obvious advantages in the eastern coastal areas of China,and its external influence is also the strongest.Therefore,taking Haidailongshan culture as the main body to study the spread of its cultural factors to neighboring areas is of great benefit to understanding the process of " Pluralistic Unity " of the origin of Chinese civilization.The thesis first explains the transition from Dawenkou culture to Longshan culture in Haidai area.Take the southeastern part of Shandong as an example,adopting the analysis method of system theory,focusing on the analysis of different subsystems such as industry economy,handicraft industry,social organization structure and ideology,while paying attention to the interaction between different archaeological cultures,the thesis comprehensively explores the formation process of Longshan culture.Studies have shown that it is precisely under the interaction between the various subsystems within the society,supplemented by the catalysis of the natural environment and the stimulation of foreign cultures,that the Southeast of Shandong Province took the lead in completing the transition from Dawenkou Culture to Longshan Culture.The southeast area of Shandong has also played a key leading role in the formation of the new style of Longshan culture in the entire Haidai region.Other areas of Haidai have entered the Longshan New World through interactions with Southeastern Shandong region on different levels of politics,economy,and culture.In addition,the formation process of the "Longshan Culture" of each community should be "top-down",with central settlements playing a leading role.On the whole,due to the unbalanced cultural development in the core and fringe areas of Haidai region and the lagging of cultural transmission,the time points of the transition from Dawenkou Culture to Longshan Culture in Haidai’s various communities are not consistent,roughly showing a trend of late echelon from east to west.Secondly,taking Haidai Longshan culture as the main perspective,in the specific Longshan period,focusing on the proliferation of cultural factors to neighboring areas from a horizontal dimension is the second major issue studied in this thesis.The thesis discusses the diffusion content of Haidai Longshan culture from the west,north and south,geographically and hierarchically,and analyzes the specific methods,paths,and historical background of cultural penetration through these contents.Among them,the proliferation of Haidai Longshan cultural factors in the early Longshan period was mainly for the Liaodong Peninsula and the Jianghuai area,and smoothly brought the two places into the Longshan cultural circle,which became the former’s new cultural district.In the west,Haidai Longshan culture mainly acts as a catalyst to promote the transformation of local culture.In the late Longshan period,the competitive development of "Yi Xia" between the east and the west became an important scene in the core area of prehistoric tradition.Based on the political purpose of "competing in the Central Plains",Haidai Longshan Culture points the spearhead of expansion towards the Central Plains region.During the same period,the expansion of Haidailongshan Culture to the southern neighboring regions and the central and northern regions of the Haihe Plain may be regarded as a "collateral result" of this political action.The external diffusion of Haidai Longshan cultural factors also shows a certain level,and the content and specific methods of cultural diffusion at different levels are different.Among them,the diffusion level in the west is the most abundant,up to three levels.The first level is the eastern Henan and southern Hebei regions.The influence of the Haidai Longshan culture is not only reflected in the horizontal breadth,but also in the vertical depth.Haidai-style pottery also covers almost all kinds of daily utensils such as cooking utensils,eating utensils,and containers.In addition to artifacts,the influence of the Haidai area can also be seen in the funeral customs and primitive religion.In terms of the specific way of cultural penetration,apart from the normal interaction between the two places,it is likely to be accompanied by population migration,and even large-scale,armed"colonization" is not ruled out.The second level is the central area of Henan.The influence of the Haidailongshan culture is mainly reflected in the horizontal breadth.In terms of specific utensils.Haidai-style utensils are mainly eating utensils and containers.and cooking utensils are basically not seen.Moreover,based on its own needs,the central area of Henan has also carried out a substantial transformation of Haidai-style artifacts,reflecting the process of cultural selection.As for the way of infiltration of cultural factors,since most Haidai-style artifacts are spread through the first level.relay-style cultural interaction should be the mainstay,and population migration is basically not seen.The third level is the western Henan and southern Shanxi regions.Haidai cultural factors are mainly embodied in the superstructures such as the ritual system represented by funeral customs and the expression of social power,as well as the materialized carrier jade ritual vessels,painted pottery ritual vessels,etc.Low-grade pottery for daily use is rarely seen.The way of cultural interaction is not only to establish a long-distance communication network of the upper class in society,but also for the political purpose of consolidating their own power,the local upper class should actively introduce these contents from the East,which also reflects the process of cultural selection.The spread of Haidailongshan culture in other directions can be divided into two levels at most.In short,the proliferation of Haidai Longshan cultural factors in the horizontal dimension accelerated the integration process of the core prehistoric regions of China,and laid the foundation for the rapid expansion of the early states of Erlitou.Finally,the thesis focuses on the vertical dimension of the contribution of Haidai Longshan culture in the formation of the early state of Erlitou.Studies have shown that the contribution of Haidai Longshan culture is mainly reflected in the content of the political life of the upper class in society,such as pottery,jade ritual vessels,ritual systems represented by the funeral system,religious beliefs and artistic traditions.In other words,the formation of the aristocratic culture of the early state in Erlitou has a strong cultural tradition in the Haidai region,and the latter has therefore become one of the important founders of the early state.It is worth noting that the convergence of these factors in the Central Plains has begun to appear as early as the "Xinzhai period" stage.If we continue to look back,many elements that constituted the early Chinese political civilization have first appeared in the Liangzhu culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and the formation of similar factors in the Haidai Longshan culture is also deeply influenced by the former.This roughly reflects that in the formation of early Chinese political culture,there is likely to be a road of transplantation,convergence.and reform and innovation from Liangzhu to Longshan to Erlitou.In this process,political entities in different regions are emerging one after another in competitive interaction,and civilization as a whole presents a "relay-style" development law.The Erlitou culture has also extensively integrated the civilization achievements of different prehistoric regions,and finally formed a powerful integrated country with a wide-area royal power.In short,based on the traditional typology of artifacts and cultural factor analysis,this article attempts to explore the social,cultural and political information reflected in the background through the proliferation and dissemination of cultural factors,which are intuitive clues.At the same time,it examines the different modes of action of Haidai Longshan Culture in its surrounding areas into the new era of Longshan,and summarizes its contribution and position in the process of pluralistic integration of Chinese civilization,in order to better understand the formation process of early China at the political and cultural level.