A Study Of The Images Of Monkey In Japanese Culture

Japanese monkeys flourished before the Japanese 400,000 years ago.Their intersection with the Japanese dates back to the rope literature era,and then maintained contact with the Japanese in various forms.The contact history of the two is also a process that Japanese people observe,recognize Japanese monkeys and reflect on themselves.In this process,the unique Japanese monkey culture is formed,and a large number of rich monkey images appear.Japanese monkey and the Japanese cultural image is further understanding and study of Japanese culture,the transformation of the monkey image from ancient to the present,show the transformation of the concept of Japanese culture,we can see the change of the thinking structure of Japanese society,so its research has great academic value and practical significance.Research on the image of Japanese monkeys has accumulated to a certain extent in both China and Japan.Domestic research in China started relatively late,mostly in single papers or case studies,and series of papers are rare.Research in Japan is mostly concrete research.Although it has high data value,in-depth analysis is rarely seen.Researches in China and Japan have not been able to clearly outline the context of the occurrence,development,and changes of the Japanese monkey image,and there is a problem of lack of overall observation.This research is a systematic and in-depth overall study of monkey images in Japanese culture,which can make up for the lack of relevant systematic research in academic circles.At the same time,it is also in line with the general trend of animal turning in the academic world in the past 30 years.This research is a bold attempt to solve specific problems in the field of Japanese studies by comprehensively using the four-fold evidence method and the N-level coding theory.At the same time,combining the theory of folklore and learning from the research results of archaeology,it systematically and deeply studies the monkey image in Japanese culture.In addition to the introduction and conclusion,the main body of the thesis is composed of six chapters.Chapter 1 draws on the research results of archaeology,and traces the cultural tradition of the Japanese monkey image through the narrative and image narrative of the object as the fourth evidence.It points out that the primitive reproduction worship of monkeys appeared in the late Jomon period,and only in the late Jomon period.The monkey radial earrings that a few people can wear have become a status symbol,reflecting the uniqueness of monkeys,and can be seen as another aspect of the primitive worship of monkeys.This kind of worship is passed on to later generations in various forms such as monkey toys and monkey beliefs.Chapter 2 merges the two parts of the handed down documents as the first evidence and the unearthed documents and texts as the second evidence,sorts out the evolutionary laws of the Chinese characters related to monkeys in Japan,and discusses the "Nihon Shoki" as the representative The monkey writing in the early classic texts is discussed.It turns out that the evolution of Chinese characters related to monkeys in Japan is the result of the joint effect of the Japanese belief in "Kotodama" and ancient Chinese apes and monkeys.The monkeys in the "Nihon Shoki" have been associated with the emperor's political activities and gods at the beginning of their appearance.Sacrifices are inextricably linked,and they have even been elevated to the status of envoys of the ancestor gods of the Japanese imperial family.They were also included in the hunting and fasting list during the days of Emperor Tianmu,becoming the epitome of the integration of politics and religion.The content related to oral transmission from Chapters 3 to 4 is the third type of evidence.Chapter 3 analyzes the monkey image in the oral literature "Speaking Literature" recorded earlier in Japan,and points out that the monkey's divinity is gradually lost and the animal nature is gradually returning.Chapter 4 uses the "old words" in the same category of oral transmission as the text.Based on the "old words" collection compiled by representative researchers such as Yanagita Kunio,Seki Keigo,and Inada Koji,it is pointed out that the monkeys in it are mostly negative images,but there are also difficulties.Defining whether it is a positive image or a negative image reflects the complexity of the image except for the monkey.The folk beliefs in Chapter 5 belong to the intangible cultural heritage in the third evidence.Specifically,it will discuss the folk medicine in the folk medicine category in folklore,and the monkeys in the folk beliefs such as the god of stables and the belief in K?shin.The monkey in folk medicine is full of treasures;The belief in the god of stables may have been introduced from China,but it should have only introduced the belief in monkeys to cure horse diseases,and discarded the meaning of "immediately enshrining a man";After the K?shin belief was introduced into Japan from China,it became a typical mixed belief,reflecting the combination of the Japanese people's multiple beliefs.Among them,the monkey appeared as a waiter of the main deity,a disguised manifestation of the identity of the messenger of the gods.Chapter 6 focuses on the adaptation and interpretation of monkey images in typical texts of modern literature,focusing on the analysis of the works of two writers,Akutagawa Ryunosuke and Muku Hatoju.The monkeys in Akutagawa's works continue the image of evil monkeys in Japanese "old talks",while echoing the theme of "evil" throughout his later years.As an animal novelist,Muku Hato Juchu has more ecological narratives about monkeys,reflecting the influence of the world situation.On the whole,the monkey image in Japanese culture first experienced the independent development of the Jomon period,setting a special and even mysterious tone,and then was influenced by foreign cultures such as China in terms of Chinese character coding,the belief in the god of stables,and the belief in K?shin.But it shows a different development from China.On the other hand,Japanese monkeys in oral literature and art are mostly negative or "evil" images,or a turning point from the saint to the common,from positive to negative.In addition,the more typical and typical monkeys appearing in modern Japanese literature basically continued the negative image of monkeys after falling into the altar,while the more typical and typical monkey images in modern literature turned positive because of the the impact of animal protectionism worldwide.By combing and discussing the path of the monkey image in Japanese culture,this thesis provides new examples and explanations for Japan's characteristics when it absorbs foreign cultures.It also reflects the important aspect of the monkey image in the study of Japanese culture.