Society Leap-over Versus Cultural Lag In Backword Countries

Since the human beings entered the stage of world history,a country’s introverted and self-sufficient condition had been broken and the world had gradually been integrated into a whole.Under this condition,the economic and cultural gaps between countries and nationalities reflects more obviously.When facing the development of economy and civilization in western Europe of capitalism,the backward countries also started their way to catch them up.However,how to develop and how to catch them up had become a big challenge for them.These were both theoretical and practical problems.Marx and Engels had provided that,in a certain condition,the countries with backward economy and culture had the possibility of leaping to a socialist society.On the basis of previous exploration,Lenin,who had experienced the socialistic revolution and construction in Soviet Russia,through the argument with contemporaries,also started the hard theoretical thinking and practical exploration on how to realize socialism in the countries with cultural lag.Through taking Lenin’s exploration on social development as an sample and combing the theories concerned with Russia’s social and cultural development,the essay tried to clearly show the historical scene,the thinking development process and the basic experience in search of Russia’s social and cultural development by the Marxists represented by Lenin.In other words,the essay showed Lenin’s explorations and thinking courses towards Russia’s social and cultural development in different historic stages by taking history as a main line.ChapterⅠ,the essay provided the historic background of Lenin’s exploration of the social leap-over and cultural lag in the backward countries.Firstly,the essay introduced the historical background formed by Russia’s special culture and its influence upon Russia’s social development.Secondly,the essay discussed the direct theoretical resources: Marx and Engel’s social development theory for Lenin’s exploration on the social and cultural development in the backward countries,through the way from general to specialty and from history to reality.In this regard,neither Marx nor Engels had directly researched related issues on social leap and cultural lag in their early years,but their exploration on social development theory and criticism for the countries with backward culture had enlightened Lenin.Thirdly,the essay introduced different opinions of developing social culture in Russia,which included the Decembrists’ revolution,the argument of social and cultural development between Westernizers and Slavophiles,the Russian democrats’ exploration on farmer’s road and the Plekhanov’s exploration on Russia’s social development.All these provided thinking resources for Lenin’s exploration on Russia’s social development and cultural lag.ChapterⅡ,the essay mainly discussed Lenin’s early thinking on Russia’s social leap-over and cultural lag.In Russia,there were two different opinions upon the social development according to their different understandings about the culture,theories occurred in that time as well as the social development.The populists held the opinion that Russia could realize the socialism and leap the stage of capitalism with unique economic development through developing the village culture.The Legal Marxists thought that Russia had already entered the stage of capitalism and developed very well that Russia inevitably should follow the way of capitalism.Nevertheless,Lenin had criticized those two opinions and formed his own opinion toward Russia’s current culture that Russia would develop in the way of socialism finally.Chapter Ⅲ,the essay mainly discussed Lenin’s settlement and initial practice on Russia’s social leap-over and cultural lag after the October Revolution.Firstly,the essay had analyzed Lenin’s deepening understanding on Russia’s social leap and cultural lag in two aspects : one was Lenin’s thinking of how to leap the stage of developed capitalism under the condition of cultural lag;the other was his deepening understanding for Russian culture.These had formed Lenin’s basic and start points to proceed the social and cultural construction after the October Revolution.Secondly,Lenin had criticized the wrong opinions towards the premise and way of Russian cultural development.Through the argument of what was proletariat and how to build its culture between Lenin and cultural school,the essay had discussed its cultural source.Thirdly,the essay discussed Lenin’s solution about Russia’s cultural dilemma after social leap,which were mainly in three aspects: made use of the “cultural heritage” left behind by the old society;inspired Russian people’s socialistic and cultural self-consciousness;improved people’s cultural level.Chapter Ⅳ,the essay discussed Lenin’s rethink introspection and assumption towards Russia’s social and cultural construction after its social leap-over in his late years.Firstly,Lenin had analyzed a series of problems in cultural,economic and political construction,which were caused by Russia’s cultural lag.Secondly,Lenin’s understanding towards social leap and cultural lag had become more mature.He provided that Russia should carry out a “cultural revolution” to eliminate the handicap in social and cultural construction so as to accelerate Russia’s political,economic and cultural development in a comprehensive and coordinative way.Chapter Ⅴ,the essay mainly analyzed Lenin’s realistic enlightenment on social leap-over and cultural lag.Firstly,the thinking guidance was the premise and insurance for solving the contradiction of social leap and cultural lag in the backward countries.In other words,the core value opinion should play an agglomerate function during cultural development in the backward countries and the leadership of the party should control the cultural development direction well.Secondly,the people’s integrated development played as an basic driving force to solve the contradiction brought by social leap and cultural lag in the backward countries.The society should be developed by cultural construction,education development and proper use of the talents.Thirdly,fusion and creativeness were the cultural policy to defuse the contradiction caused by social leap and cultural lag in the backward countries.During the cultural development,the excellent and reasonable factors in the traditional culture should be inherited and transformed,and the useful factors in the foreign culture should be absorbed.Lastly,coordinative development was the reasonable way to solve the contradiction caused by social leap and cultural lag in the backward countries.the society should develop comprehensively in the aspects of politics,economy and culture.Besides,the culture should be developed in a rational way,avoiding adventurism or counter-liberalism.