The Game Of Fishery Society And Ocean Power In Dadonghai In The Ming And Qing Dynasties

Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the intensification of the contradiction between people and land leads to coastal residents had to go to the sea for their livelihoods in the southeastern territories,especially the Fujian region.Among them,overseas fishing and overseas trade are the two main ways.For the people engaged in the production of marine fisheries,The target they pursue is a large number of marketable fish,such as octopus,squid,and cuttlefish.Because offshore fishing need so-called "fishing season",and it has largely affected by some factors,such as cold current and wind.Therefore,these coastal people engaged in fishing activities have gradually mastered the laws of nature after accumulating a large amount of experience in offshore operations,and formed a habit of seasonal mobile harvesting.At the same time,in order to compete with the fishermen in different sea areas,the Fujian-born fishermen invented and mastered the unique navigation and fishing skills.They once monopolized the exclusive fishing capacity of some fish and occupied the main fishing grounds in the Dadonghai fishing area.In addition,the author also focuses on the important impacts and significance of islands on fishery activities.It is also found that islands provides suitable shelters,it is also the key to the physical and spiritual replenishment of offshore operators.Moreover,some fishermen are also able to use the unique structure of the island to carry out production activities,so that these "sea land"play a different economic value.Although the government imposed strict bans in the early Ming Dynasty,it was tolerant on offshore fisheries.This was reflected in official texts and private writings.At the same time,due to the existence of the "HeBoSuo" system at the time,the fishery tribute became an important part of the coastal grassroots,it also stimulated the development of marine fisheries in the Ming Dynasty.With the gradual lifting of the sea ban and the decline of the coastal defense system since the middle of the Ming Dynasty,coastal fishermen's offshore production activities are more frequent,and the scope of harvesting has also moved from offshore to ocean.At this time,the world is entering the era of great navigation,and foreigners(including Portuguese,Dutch,etc.)active in East Asian waters are gradually increasing.On the one hand,they have strong demands,eager to develop long-term trade with Eastern countries,and on the other hand,they also focused on the development and occupation of large and medium-sized islands as colonies,thus attracting a large number of Chinese coastal fishermen to enter the waters of Penghu and Beigang.In the late Ming Dynasty,the pattern of the Dadonghai fishing area has basically formed.In addition,we can't ignore the problem of WoKou and piracy.Since the establishment of the Ming Dynasty,it has been plaguing the rulers of the empire.With the development of marine fisheries,the rapid increase in the number of free fishermen has made them the targets of pirates and the potential unrest factors at sea.Therefore,Some grassroots officials and local scholars have proposed the idea of letting armed fishermen defend the territorial seas,and once received miraculous effects.From the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty,the development of the social and economic development of the Dadonghai fishery entered the elbow period.As the Qing Dynasty continued the policy of QianHai since the post-jin era,the marine space in the southeastern region was squeezed as never before.The development of fishery production in the Dadonghai has also turned from the prosperity of the middle and late Ming Dynasty to the declineAfter the demarcation,the Qing government once lifted the ban on the southeast coast.Although there were repetitions in the process,But whether its destructive power or its duration,it is far less than the period of "moving the border".A few years later,the Dadonghai fishing area quickly restored its production scale in the late Ming Dynasty.With the booming of the marine fishery economy,the Qing government has tried to implement a "cruise and whistle" management policy for the core fishery in the Dadonghai fishing area,and then implement the "Supervise fishing season" system.Through the interpretation of the palace archive since the Qing Dynasty,we can find that the content of the "Supervise fishing season" system for more than 100 years has been similar.It can be seen that in a booming fishing society,the Grand officials seem to be just pretending.The highest rulers of the Qing Dynasty also noticed this problem,but there was no better solution and they could barely maintain the status.At the same time,in terms of the dimensions of the grassroots level,in order to adapt to the development of Dadonghai fishing area production,local officials have continued to introduce various provincial "regulations" according to their actual problems for regulation.Since the Yongzheng and Qianlong era,The southeastern coast has formed a pattern of social power game between the government and the people.With the increasingly fierce competition between them,there is another maritime picture behind the historical text.