New Changes,Difficulties And Solutions Of Literary Criticism In The Era Of Network Communication

Since the network was incorporated into the field of literature in the 1990 s,profound changes have taken place not only in the literary creation,dissemination,and reception modes,but also in the literary criticism practice,multiple changes have taken place from the subject,pattern,discourse,and value orientation.Criticism in literature presents some new features and characteristics.The construction of network technology not only brings about positive changes in literary criticism such as openness,interaction,and diversity,but also brings new problems and difficulties.The practice of literary criticism calls for multiple subjects to jointly enter the network scene,to solve problems through inter-subjective dialogue practice,and to gather new critical theories and construct new critical modes.This article takes network creation,network communication,and network criticism of the literary as the research background,and takes the "cultural turn" of contemporary literary criticism as the academic context,and takes communication,literature theory,sociology,philosophy,and other subjects’ amalgamation as research perspectives,takes the interaction and mutual construction relationship between literature and its communication media as the entry point.It enters the field of literary network practice,to examine the new changes in the subjects,modes,discourses,and concepts of the literary criticism under the structure of the network media in the era of the network media’s deep integration into society’s daily life.These changes bring freedom,enrichment,and innovation to literary criticism.At the same time,what kind of new problems and challenges they bring to criticism? Which of these new dilemmas are self-limiting due to the characteristics of network media? What are the deficiencies of existing literary theories and critical methods in the new network practice? Through the analysis and exploration of the communication,sociology,philosophy and other disciplines,it reveals the change and invariability of literary criticism in the era of Internet communication,as well as explores the direction and relationship of multiple subjects in the age of the Internet,the discourse and methods of criticism,and the value pursuit of the basis for criticism.The main body of the whole text is divided into three parts.The first part tells about "new changes of literary criticism in the era of network communication".By using the major theory tool-the communication theory of " medium is a message",the first part summarizes and introduces the structural change of literary criticism space after the construction of network technology.Besides,it generalizes and analyzes the new changes of literary criticism in subject composition,operation mode,discourse style,and value orientation.The second part describes " the difficulties and problems encountered by literary criticism in the age of network communication".This part summarizes and analyzes the problems are being encountered and possibly encountered by literary criticism in the Internet era from the following aspects: research mode,critical discourse,media environment,literary concepts,and value measure.The third part illustrates "the solution to the difficulties of literary criticism in the age of network communication".Starting from the network common field of subjects of multiple negotiations in the era of network communication,the above problems are discussed to solve from audience perspective,the mode of inter-conversation,rationality and ethical values,etc,as well as propose the theoretical construction pursuit of adapting to the new practice of criticism in the era of network.The first part is about new changes of literary criticism in the era of network communication,which summarizes and concludes the overall structural changes of the criticism space after the network technology is integrated into the field of literature.This part firstly introduces Canadian communication scholar Mc Luhan’s theory-"media is information".Based on the shaping effect of media technology on social culture and the function of cognitive innovation,the characteristics of social and cultural representation space are characterized in the era of network communication.Literary and literary criticism,as an important part of this cultural representation space,have undergone many changes in the new cultural space from generation mechanisms to expressive forms.First of all,the network has changed the identity of criticizing subjects.The critical discourse power is generalized from "experts " to "network public".The positional relationship among the complex critique subjects is also changing from the "central-edge" structure to the "node-node " structure and still remains in continuous self-evolving state.In pre-web days,through professional media,the professionally criticizing subjects conduct a one-to-many single item propagation.Now,the criticizing methods transform into a multi-subject and timely interactive online mode.The literary criticism includes not only the "monologue " of experts,but also the "dialogue" of online users.Literary Criticism has evolved from the standardized review of the preset theoretical framework into the generative process of on-site interaction.The immediacy and interactivity of online criticism encourage the emotional,colloquial and individualized expression of criticism.The critical discourse turns popular and simple into professional and profound.The lingering perception replaces with rigmarole discussion.Individualized performance takes place of standardized expressions.And in a large number of network practices,some literary criticism of online “ jargon” are accumulated.More profoundly,the value orientation of criticism in the critique practice of the Internet age has become more pluralistic.This pluralism is not the failure of judging the classic standard of literary value,but the proportion of these standard elements of the network has shifted in the judgment of network’s value.The proportion of pleasure experience exceeds aesthetic criticism in the process of judging the text’s value.So the grassroots interest is not inferior to the divine sublime.The second part is about the difficulties and problems encountered by literary criticism in the age of network communication.After finishing the summary of the new changes of literary criticism and the analysis of the mediated causes,in view of the current literary criticism practice,the concerns of the prominent dilemma and potential problems are analyzed and revealed.The first literary criticism dilemma brought by network communication is the openness and huge volumes of network text which challenges the traditional mode of professional criticism.Network writing makes the border of the literature increasingly blurred.The text structure mode of network hyperlink,and the new creation modes such as rewriting and connecting,cause the opening of the text.At the same time,the opening of creative subject and the way of serialized publication influenced by network,which results in the proliferation of text quantity and scale.These have made the critical subjects difficult to grasp the completion of the text structure and quantity.Based on textual research,the traditional mode of criticism is challenged on the premise that critics cannot read through the text or read the text in details.The openness of online literature makes the online communities who do not belong to the traditional professional critics become the main body of literary criticism,and become an important force in critical space by numbers.However,there are great communication barriers between the traditional professional critics and the network public critics because of the differences in literary concepts and the barrier of critical discourse.Traditional experts tend to have a negative or skeptical attitude towards online literature practice,rather than understand and accept new expressions in the network.At the same time,the online communities reject the professional language and norms because of the subliminal negation and confrontation of the traditional authority.The online communities unscrupulously express their opinions and pay no attention to the ethics in the free space of network.As the important constituent elements of cyberspace,media organizations and commercial capital are also involved in literary criticism whose level is beyond the past.Both the commercial capital and the network platform pursue for commercial efficiency and carry out the media hype which is contrary to reason,and the marketing interferes with the literary judgment in the name of criticism.All of these have finally influenced the value scale of literary criticism,which has caused the divergence of the value orientation of literary criticism in the network era.The Internet opens the door to the cultural pluralism,as well as the personal criticism which is under the banner of cultural pluralism.There is an another concept that any differences should be respected in the name of "cultural pluralism" and Chigimonte Bowman called it "multiculturalism".The difference between the two concepts is that the former is to satisfy the pluralism of individuality on the basis of publicity and equity,while the latter is to give up publicity and equality instead of the absolute respect for individual requirements.What needs to be vigilant is the misuse of pluralism under the atmosphere of multiple values of the current network criticism and cultural pluralism.It may result in the violation of the public value because of the pursuit of personal value.In addition,the mode of network transmission,"point to point",brings a greater freedom of choice for the subject of network.At the same time,the mode also makes the subject trap into a "information cocoon",which is knitted by the individual preference.Besides,this mode brings the hidden worries of the value imbalance and the loss of publicity to literary acceptance and literary criticism.The third part is about the solution to the difficulties of literary criticism in the age of network communication.The solutions to the problems and difficulties faced in the practice of criticism are searched from several aspects,such as network co-location of multiple themes,thematic inter-conversation,audience-oriented criticism,the pursuit of human values under the internet psychology and so on.First of all,the traditional critics are required to enter the network critical space with the pluralistic subjects of criticism.This is the inevitable and optional choice of professional critics when traditional criticism falls into crisis and network criticism exposes problems.Of course,the professional critics who enter into cyberspace,need to carry out the necessary transformation of perspectives and identities.That is to say,the professional critics,as audience,stand on the opposite side of the network in the past,but now they turn into participants,entering the internal network with the character "scholar fan",so that the comprehensive research and theoretical refinement of network practice are formed through theoretical transformation of "aboriginal " discourses on the Internet.Based on this,the professional critics explain their understanding and insights of network practice,and go down from the high platform of the original “legislators”to the online communities.Through the accommodation with literary interpretation of theory and practice,the professional critics influence and lead the creation and acceptance of the literature.In the network era,they play the guiding role of "opinion leaders" to realize professional criticism.Secondly,in accordance with the cultural logic of communicative dialogue during the era of network communication,literary criticism should also advocate the mode of inter-conversation,and then condense a new type from the existing rational deconstruction--network community consciousness.Thirdly,the literary criticism in the era of network communication has changed from a creative direction into an audience-oriented one.From the perspective of audience,literary criticism needs to study the subject,the hot types and the receiving effect,which are accepted by the literary network.The literary criticism analyzes how the characteristics of the network recipients and their accepting behaviors affect their literary choices and methods of criticism,and what kind of emotions and social psychology hidden behind their enthusiasm for hot topics of fantasy,workforce,and Xian Xia.The cultural logic of the Internet age is not seemingly irrational or broken.It includes the linear and causal relationships of the printed civilization,as well as a kind of net and correlative logic which is more complex and integrated.Whether there is an organic whole with complex relationships or not in the natural world,human society,or literary works,the logic of network makes the holistic logic stand out which is beyond the cognitive stage of linear civilization.Therefore,literary criticism of the network age still needs to believe the effectiveness of the rationality and science,as well as promote and concise new rationality from the practice of network criticism.Under the construction of new rational logic,humanity aesthetically realizes its overall survival in the acceptance and criticism of literature.